Human Anatomy- Exam 2 - Bone Tissue

Front 1

Dynamic tissue that continually remodels itself

Back 1

Bone tissue

Front 2

bone or _____ tissue is a _______ tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals called ________

Back 2

osseous

connective

calcium phosphate

Front 3

Individual bones are made up of:

Back 3

1. bone tissue
2. marrow
3. catilage
4. periostem

Front 4

Functions of the skeletal system

Back 4

• SUPPORT– hold up body, muscles & organs
• PROTECTION - organs & bone marrow
• MOVEMENT – muscle attachment
•BLOOD FORMATION - bone marrow -> RBCs/WBCs
•MINERAL RESERVOIR - stores calcium & phosphate
•pH BALANCE - buffers blood by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts
• DETOXIFICATION – removes heavy metals from blood; can later slowly release

Front 5

Structure of flat bone from most SUPERFICIAL to DEEPEST layer:

Back 5

1. Suture
2. Outer compact bone
3. Spongy bone (dipole)
4. Trabeculae
5. Inner compact bone

Front 6

Flat bones:

Back 6

• Most cranial bones
• Ribs
• Sternum (breastbone)
• Scapula (shoulder blade)
• Os coxae (hipbone)

Front 7

Which layer of a flat bone contains no marrow cavity?

Back 7

the spongy bone (dipole)

Front 8

Lever acted upon by muscles

Back 8

long bones

Front 9

Bones that glide across one another in multiple directions

Back 9

short bones

Front 10

These bones protect soft organs

Back 10

flat bones

Front 11

Layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the bone

Back 11

periosteum - long bone

Front 12

Refers to hyaline cartilage over ends of bone for lubrication

Back 12

articular cartilage (long bones)

Front 13

Lines internal surface of a long bone

Back 13

endosteum

Front 14

Long bones include:

Back 14

• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

Front 15

Short bones include:

Back 15

– Carpals (wrist)
– Tarsals (ankle)

Front 16

Irregular bones include:

Back 16

– Sphenoid & Ethmoid bones of the cranium
– Vertebrate (backbone or spine)

Front 17

Cylinder of compact bone

Marrow cavity lined with endosteum

Back 17

shaft (diaphysis)

Front 18

Enlarged ends

Spongy bone covered by compact bone

Enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments

Back 18

epiphyses (enlarged ends of bone)

Front 19

Covers bone

– outer fibrous layer _________
– inner osteogenic layer important for growth & healing

Back 19

periosteum

continuous with TENDONS

Front 20

An elevated ridge on the surface of a mature bone which marks the point of fusion between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Back 20

epiphyseal plate or line

Front 21

reside in endosteum or periosteum - multiply continuously & differentiate into osteoblasts

Back 21

osteogenic cells

Front 22

form organic matter of matrix & help to mineralize it in response to stress or fractures

Back 22

osteoblasts

Front 23

osteoblasts that have become trapped

Back 23

osteocytes

Front 24

Osteocytes reside in _______ and are connected to each other via _______

Back 24

lacunae (little leg)

canaliculi

Front 25

What do osteocytes do?

Back 25

– signal osteoclasts & osteoblasts about mechanical stresses

Front 26

bone-dissolving cells that develop in bone marrow by the fusion of the same stem cells that give rise to monocytes of the blood

Back 26

osteoclasts

Front 27

______ will reside in pits called _____ ______that they have eaten into the surface of the bone

Back 27

osteoclasts

resorption bays

Front 28

Osseous Tissue is made up of ______ organic matter and _______ inorganic matter

Back 28

1/3 organic

2/3 inorganic

Front 29

What is the organic matter found in osseous tissue?

Back 29

collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans & glycoproteins

Front 30

What is the inorganic matter found in osseous tissue?

Back 30

– 85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt)
– 10% calcium carbonate
– other minerals

Front 31

The combination of organic and inorganic matter provides ______ & _______

Back 31

strength and resilience

minerals resist compression; collagen resists tension

Front 32

No collagen in bone results in :

Back 32

Osteogenesis imperfecta

"brittle bone"

Front 33

No minerals in bone results in :

Back 33

"bendy" bone (too flexible)

Front 34

Rickets is a result of :

Causes? Targeted group?

Back 34

• In children
• Insufficient sunlight or vitamin D
• Dietary deficiency in calcium or phosphate
• Liver or kidney disease

Front 35

is the softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization secondary to inadequate amounts of available phosphorus and calcium.

mainly found in _______

Back 35

osteomalacia

adults

Front 36

Compact bone:

_________ are arranged in concentric circles around _______ canals. This is the basic structural unit of compact bone, collectively called an _______.

Back 36

Lamellae

haversian canals

osteon

Front 37

Compact bone:

Within the lamellae lie the _______ with osteocytes. _________ extend between adjacent lamellae.

Back 37

lacunae

Canaliculi

Front 38

Compact bone:

___________ canals enter the bone from the outside and inside, and feed into the haversian canals, carrying nerves and blood vessels.

Back 38

Perforating (Volkmann's)

Front 39

spongy bone:

spongelike appearance formed by rods and plates of bone called:

Back 39

trabeculae

Front 40

Spongy bone is made up of:

Spaces are filled with:

Back 40

spines, rods, and plates

red bone marrow

Front 41

These have few osteons or haversian canals (found in spongy bone)

Back 41

trabeculae

Front 42

What is the benefit of TRABECULAE?

Back 42

Provides strength with little weight
trabeculae develop along bone’s lines of stress

Front 43

Red marrow is found in :

Red marrow produces blood cells, this is known as:

Back 43

Red marrow is a mesh of reticular fibers and immature cells

in adults found in axial skeleton & girdles

hemopoietic means produces blood cells

Front 44

yellow marrow is found where?

Back 44

fatty marrow of long bones in adults

Front 45

yellow marrow replaced with reddish jelly

Back 45

gelatinous marrow

Front 46

intramembranous ossification forms which bones?

Back 46

the sternum, the frontal and parietal bones of the skull, the temporal & occipital bones and the mandible and maxillae

Front 47

How does intramembranous ossification occur?

Back 47

- mesenchyme condense in soft sheet of tissue - becomes network
- osteoblasts gather on trabeculae to form osteoid tissue
- Calcium phos. is deposited in matrix (osteoblasts-> osteocytes)
-osteoclast remodel center to contain marrow
-osteoblasts remodel & form compact bone
-mesenchyme --> periosteum

Front 48

endochondral ossification takes place in what bones?

Back 48

mostly long and short bones

Front 49

How does endochondral ossification take place?

Back 49

- mesenchyme differentiates into hyaline cartilage
- cartilage -> broken down, reorganized & calcified
- primary ossification center forms in cartilage model from chondrocytes
- matrix becomes weak here
- primary marrow space is formed by periosteal bud

Front 50

cartilagenous material that remains as growth plate between medullary cavity & secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses

Back 50

Metaphysis

Front 51

layer of resting cartilage
no sign of transformation
(zone)

Back 51

zone of reserve cartilage

Front 52

In this zone, chondrocytes multiply forming columns of flat lacunae

Back 52

zone of cell proliferation

Front 53

In this zone, chondrocytes push other cells closer to the ends

Back 53

zone of hypertrophy

Front 54

This zone shows mineralization between columns of lacunae

Back 54

Zone of calcification

Front 55

In this zone, chondrocytes die and each channel is filled with osteoblasts and blood vessels to form a haversian canal & osteon

Back 55

zone of bone deposition

Front 56

Explain the process of secondary ossificaiton:

Back 56

- Begin to form in the epiphyses near time of birth
- Same stages occur as in primary ossification center
result is center of epiphyseal cartilage being transformed into spongy bone
-Hyaline cartilage REMAINS on joint surface as articular cartilage and at junction of diaphysis & epiphysis (epiphyseal plate)

Front 57

bones increase in length at epiphyseal plate

Back 57

interstitial growth

Front 58

bones increase in width (mature bone only)

Back 58

appositional growth

Front 59

how does appositional growth occur?

Back 59

similar to intermembraneous growth
osteoblasts lay down matrix in layers parallel to the outer surface & osteoclasts dissolve bone on inner surface

Front 60

During appositional growth, if one process OUTPACES the other, bone deformities occur known as:

Back 60

osteitis deformans

Front 61

Achondroplastic Dwarfism

Back 61

Short stature but normal-sized head and trunk
long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood but other bones unaffected

Front 62

How does achondroplastic dwarfism occur?

Back 62

Result of spontaneous mutation when DNA is replicated
mutant allele is dominant

Front 63

What is pituitary dwarfism?

Back 63

has lack of growth hormone
short stature with normal proportions

Front 64

evels of calcium & phosphate in tissues must reach a point (_________) before crystallization can occur

Back 64

solubility product

Front 65

most tissues have inhibitors to prevent crystallization
_________ neutralize the inhibitors

Back 65

osteoblasts

Front 66

Abnormal calcification

Where does this occur?

Back 66

ectopic ossification

may occur in lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons or arteries

Front 67

Process of dissolving bone & releasing minerals into the blood

Back 67

mineral resorption

Front 68

Explain how mineral resorption occurs:

Back 68

performed by osteoclasts “ruffled border”
hydrogen pumps in the cell membrane secrete hydrogen ions into the space between the osteoclast & the bone
chloride ions follow by electrical attraction
hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a pH 4 dissolves bone minerals
secrete an enzyme (acid phosphatase) that digests the collagen

Front 69

Phosphate is a component of :

Back 69

DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, & acid-base buffers

Front 70

Calcium is needed for :

Back 70

communication between neurons
muscle contraction
blood clotting
exocytosis – movement of substances out of a cell

Front 71

____% if the body's calcium is in the bones

Back 71

99%

Front 72

______% of body's phosphorus is in the bones

Back 72

85-90%

Front 73

What percentage of calcium does the adult skeleton exchange with the blood each year?

Back 73

18%

Front 74

What happens when the bones experience HYPOCALCEMIA?

When does this occur?

Back 74

causes excessive excitability of nervous system leading to muscle spasms, tremors or tetanus
laryngospasm  suffocation
caused by vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, pregnancy, lactation, underaction/removal of parathyroid glands

Front 75

What happens when the bones experience HYPERCALCEMIA?

Back 75

depresses nervous system  muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest

Front 76

Homeostasis in the bones depends on :

Back 76

calcitriol, calcitonin & PTH

Front 77

carpopedal spasm is often seen in patients experiencing:

Back 77

hypocalcemia (overexcitability of nerves)

Front 78

What is calcitriol?

Back 78

Activated vitamin D

Front 79

How is calcitriol produced?

Back 79

UV radiation penetrating to the dermal blood vessels converts a cholesterol derivative (7-dehydrocholesterol) to D3
liver converts it to calcidiol
kidney converts it to calcitriol (active form of vit D)

Front 80

How does calcitriol function?

Back 80

behaves as a hormone
stimulates small intestine to absorb calcium & phosphate
Reduces urinary secretion of calcium & phosphate
promotes osteoclast activity

Front 81

Parathyoid hormones are released from which gland and under what circumstances?

Back 81

parathyroid glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

when calcium blood level is TOO LOW

Front 82

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

Back 82

inhibits activity of osteoblasts
_Stimulates osteoclast multiplication & activity
reduces calcium secretion & increases phosphate secretion in the urine
stimulates production of an enzyme in the kidneys that carries out the last step in calcitriol synthesis

Front 83

Where is calcitonin released from and when?

Back 83

secreted from the thyroid gland when calcium concentrations RISE

Front 84

What is the function of calcitonin?

Back 84

Promotes bone deposition of calcium
reduces osteoclast activity by 70% in 15 minutes
increases the number & activity of osteoblasts

Front 85

Important aspect of CALCITONIN:

Back 85

Important role in children, but little effect in adults
calcitonin deficiency is not known to cause any disease in adults
may be useful in reducing bone loss in osteoporosis

Front 86

a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

Back 86

stress fracture

Front 87

a break in a bone weakened by some other disease

Back 87

pathological fracture

Front 88

break in which skin is NOT broken

Back 88

closed (simple)

Front 89

break where bone protrudes from skin

Back 89

open (compound)

Front 90

Fracture where bone is broken into 2 or more pieces

Back 90

complex

Front 91

Break that extends only partway (pieces remain joined)

Back 91

incomplete

Front 92

break where one side is bent with an incomplete fracture on other

Back 92

greenstick fracture

Front 93

fine crack in bone

Back 93

hairline fracture

Front 94

Bone broken in 3 or more pieces:

Back 94

comminuted fracture

Front 95

break that is parallel along the long axis of the bone:

Back 95

linear fracture

Front 96

break that is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

Back 96

transverse fracture

Front 97

diagonal break (between linear and transverse)

Back 97

oblique

Front 98

Break that is a result of a twisting stress

Back 98

spiral fracture

Front 99

How long does it normally take for a fracture to heal?

Back 99

8-12 weeks

Front 100

Stages of healing from a fracture:

Back 100

1. Fracture hematoma
2. Granulation tissue
3. Callus formation
4. Remodeling

Front 101

1st stage of healing from fracture:

Back 101

Fracture hematoma (1)
broken vessels form a blood clot

Front 102

2nd stage of healing from a fracture:

Back 102

granulation tissue (2)

fibrous tissue formed by fibroblasts and infiltrated by capillaries

Front 103

3rd stage of fracture healing:

Back 103

Callus formation (3)
soft callus of fibrocartilage replaced by hard callus of bone in 6 weeks

Front 104

4th stage of fracture healing:

Back 104

remodeling (4)

occurs over next 6 months as spongy bone is replaced with compact bone

Front 105

treatment where fragments are aligned with manipulation & casted

Back 105

closed reduction

Front 106

treatment for fracture involving surgical exposure & repair with plates & screws

Back 106

open reduction

Front 107

This treatment is not used in elderly due to risks of long-term confinement to bed ;

What does it involve?

Back 107

traction

hip fractures are pinned & early walking is encouraged

Front 108

This treatment is used on fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal

Back 108

electrical stimulation

Front 109

This is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention & correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints & muscles

Back 109

orthopedics

Front 110

This disease may lead to fatal complications such as pneumonia. Can also cause widow's hump

Back 110

osteoporosis

Front 111

alson known as brittle bone and is a result of the bone losing mass from loss of organic matrix and minerals

Back 111

osteoporosis

Front 112

Who's at the greatest risk for osteoporosis?

Back 112

postmenopausal white women

by age 70, average loss of 30% bone mass

Front 113

What's the best treatment for osteoporosis?

Back 113

prevention

exercise and calcium intake (1000mg/day) between ages 25 and 40

Front 114

bacterial infection causes inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow
fatal before widespread use of antibiotics

Back 114

osteomyelitis

Front 115

Benign bone tumor

Back 115

osteoma

Front 116

benign tumor of the bone and cartilage

Back 116

osteochondroma

Front 117

most common and deadly form of bone cancer

often found in :

Back 117

osteosarcoma

males between 10-25 yrs

Front 118

slow-growing cancer of hyaline cartilage

Back 118

chondrosarcoma