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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of Anatomy? |
The study of the structure of the human body |
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What is the definition of Morphology? |
The science of form |
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What is the definition of Physiology? |
The study of body function |
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What is Functional Anatomy? |
A description of the anatomy of a body part that is accompanied by the explanation of its function, emphasizing the structural characteristics that contribute to that function |
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What are the 7 subdisciplines of Anatomy? |
1. Gross Anatomy 2. Microscopic Anatomy 3. Developmental Anatomy 4. Embryology Anatomy 5. Pathology Anatomy 6. Radiographic Anatomy 7. Functional Morphology |
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What is Gross Anatomy? |
The study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye (bones, lungs and muscles for example) |
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Dissection |
Connective tissue is removed from between the body organs so that the organs can be seen more clearly |
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What are the 3 approaches to studying Gross Anatomy? |
1. Regional Anatomy 2. Systemic Anatomy 3. Surface Anatomy |
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What is Regional Anatomy? |
All structures in a single body region, such as the abdomen or head, are examined as a group
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What is Systemic Anatomy? |
All of the organs with related functions are studied together |
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What is Surface Anatomy? |
The study of shapes and markings (called landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs |
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What is histology? |
The study of structures that are so small they can be seen only with a microscope |
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What is Developmental Anatomy? |
Traces the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan and the effects of aging |
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What is Embryology Anatomy? |
The study of how body structures form and develop before birth |
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What is Pathological Anatomy? |
Concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues.
Used primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research
The structural changes in cells, tissues and organs caused by a disease |
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What is Pathology? |
The study of disease |
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What is Radiographic Anatomy? |
The study of the internal body structures by means of X-Ray studies and other imaging techniques
Uses primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research |
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What is Functional Morphology? |
Explores the functional properties of body structures and assesses the efficiency of their design |
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What is the hierarchy of structural organization? |
1. Chemical Level 2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ Systems Level 6. Organismal Level |
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What occurs at the chemical level? |
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Molecules combine to form macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acid) |
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What occurs at the cellular level? |
Macromolecules are the building blocks at this level
Cells and their surroundings are made up of molecules
Macromolecules contribute to the metabolic function of the cells as a(n): 1. Energy source (carbohydrates) 2. Signaling molecule (proteins and lipids) 3. Catalyst (enzymes)
Cells are the smallest living things in the body
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What is the definition of tissue? |
A group of cells that work together to perform a common function |
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What are the four tissue types of all organs and what do they do? |
1. Epithelial - covers the body surface and lines its cavities
2. Connective - supports the body and protects its organs
3. Muscle - provides movement
4. Nervous - provides fast internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses |
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What is an organ? What type of tissue(s) do organs contain? |
An organ is a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Most organs contain all four tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle & nervous) |
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What is an organ system? |
Organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose
Example: the organs of the digestive system (the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine and so forth) break down the food we eat so that we can absorb the nutrients into the blood |
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What are the body's organ systems? |
1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic/Immune 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive
MUSCULAR L. C.R.U.I.S.E.N.R.D |
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Integumentary System |
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes Vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc) and sweat and oil glands |
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Skeletal System |
Protects and supports the body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
Blood cells are formed within bones
Bones store minerals |
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Muscular System |
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expresion
Maintains posture and produces heat |
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Nervous System |
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
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Endocrine System |
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells |
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Cardiovascular |
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood |
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Lymphatic/Immune System |
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity
The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body |
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Respiratory System |
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs |
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Digestive System |
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces |
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Urinary System |
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of food |
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Reproductive System |
Overall function of reproductive system is offspring |
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Anatomical Position |
A standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body. |
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Axial Region of the Body |
Makes up the main axis of the body
Head, neck and trunk |
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Appendicular Region |
Consists of the limbs |
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Superior/Inferior |
Superior (cranial): toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body |
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Medial/Lateral |
Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side
Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
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Proximal/Distal |
Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Ipsilateral/Contralateral |
Ipsilateral: on the same said
Contralateral: on opposite sides |
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Anterior/Posterior |
Anterior (ventral): toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior (dorsal): toward or at the back of the body; behind |
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Superficial/Deep |
Superficial: toward or at the body surface
Deep: away from the body surface; more internal |
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Frontal (coronal) Plane |
Extends vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) |
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Transverse (horizontal) Plane |
Runs horizontally from right to left; dividing the body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) |
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Sagittal Plane |
Vertical, like frontal planes, but divide the body into right and left parts
Median plane: the specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Parasagittal planes: all other sagittal planes, offset from the midline |
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What does the Human Body Plan of vertebrates consist of? |
1. Tube-within-a-tube body plan
2. Bilateral Symmetry
3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
4. Notochord and vertebrae
5. Segmentation
6. Pharyngeal Pouches |
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Tube-within-a-tube Body Plan |
The inner tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the respiratory and digestive organs
The outer tube consists of the axial skeleton and associated axial muscles that make up the outer body well and nervous structures |
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Bilateral Symmetry |
The left half of the body is essentially a mirror to the right half
Structures in the medial plan are unpaired, but they tend to have identical right and left sides (Ex: nose) |
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Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord |
All vertebrate embryos have a hollow nerve cord running along their back in the median plane
This cord develops into the brain and spinal cord |
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Notochord and Vertebrae |
Notochord ("back string"): a stiffening rod in the back just deep tot he spinal cord
Complete notochord forms in the embryo, although most is replaced by vertebrae (backbone)
Some of the notochord exists as the cores of the discs between the vertebrae |
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Segmentation |
The outer tube shows evidence of segmentation
Segments: repeating units of similar structures that run from the head along the full length of the trunk
Ribs and muscles between the ribs
Nerves branching off the spinal cord
Bony vertebral column |
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Pharyngeal Pouches |
Pharynx: the throat region of the digestive and respiratory tube
Embryonic stage: human pharynx has a set of outpocketings called pharyngeal pouches
These pouches give rise to structures in the head and neck (middle ear cavity) |
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What are the two main body cavities? |
Dorsal and ventral |
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What does the dorsal body cavity include? |
Cranial cavity: lies in the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity: runs through the vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord |
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What does the ventral body cavity include? |
Superior thoracic cavity
Inferior abdominopelvic cavity |
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What does visceral mean? What are visceral organs? |
Lungs, heart, intestines and kidneys
Visceral: pertaining to the organs and structures within the ventral body cavity and to all smooth muscle and glands throughout the body |
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What are the three parts of the thoracic cavity? |
1. Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by pleural cavity
2. Central band of organs called the medistinum (contains the heart surrounded by pericardial cavity as well as the esophagus and trachea) |
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What surrounds the thoracic cavity? |
The ribs and muscles of the chest wall |
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What surrounds the abdominopelvic cavity? |
The abdominal walls and pelvic girdle |
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What are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity? |
1. Abdominal cavity (liver, stomach, kidneys and other organs)
2. Pelvic cavity (bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum) |
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What separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity? |
The diaphragm |
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What are the three serous cavities? |
1. Pleural cavity (around the lungs)
2. Pericardial cavity (around the heart)
3. Peritoneal cavity (around the viscera in the abdominopelvic cavity) |
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What are the names of the serous membranes that line the serous cavities? |
1. Pleura (lungs)
2. Serous pericardium (heart)
3. Peritoneum |
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Parietal Serosa |
The part of the serosa that forms the outer wall of the cavity (outside) |
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Visceral Serosa |
Covers the visceral organs (continuous with the parietal serosa (inside) |
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What is the purpose of the serous fluid? |
Allows visceral organs to slide with little friction across the cavity walls |
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What is a light microscope used for? |
Sharp, detailed images of tissues and cells |
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What is a transmission electron microscope used for? |
Illuminates body tissue with a beam of electrons; reveals the fine details of cells and tissues |
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What is scanning electron microscopy used for? |
3-dimensional pictures of whole, unsectioned surfaces with clarity |
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What is X-Ray imaging used for? |
Visualizing bones and locating abnormal dense structures |
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What are the two types of advanced x-ray techniques? |
1. Computed Tomography (CT) or Computed Axial Tomography (CAT)
2. Angiography |
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Benefits of CT and/or CAT |
Every organ is recorded from its best angle
Produces great images of soft tissue as well as of bone and blood vessels
Overlapping structures are eliminated
Great for viewing internal structures |
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Benefits of angiography |
Produces images of blood vessels
Unobstructed view of small arteries |
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
Produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Accesses functional blood flow and areas of high metabolic activity
Depict areas of the brain that are active during specific tasks
Using in oncology (cancer treatment) |
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Sonography |
Ultrasound imaging
Body is probed with pulses
Inexpensive and safe |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
High-contrast images of soft tissue
No radiation
Measures blood oxygen
Pinpoint smaller areas of the brain than the PET |
