Human Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the study of body structures and
the relation of one part to another

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

the study of how the body
works and how the various parts function
individually and in relation to each other

Front 3

sagittal plane

Back 3

divides the body into right and left halves
on its vertical axis.

Front 4

Frontal planes

Back 4

divide the body into anterior (front)
and posterior (rear) sections.

Front 5

anatomical position

Back 5

assumed when the body stands erect with the
arms hanging at the sides and the palms of the
hands turned forward

Front 6

Caudal

Back 6

Toward the lower end of the body

Front 7

Lateral recumbent

Back 7

Lying position of the body, on either side

Front 8

Peripheral

Back 8

The outward part or surface of a structure

Front 9

Metabolism

Back 9

process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair

Front 10

Homeostasis

Back 10

is the body's self-regulated control of its internal environment.

Front 11

chemical level

Back 11

level of the organization of the body.

Front 12

Organelle level

Back 12

larger units (cells) to perform a specific function

Front 13

Cellular level

Back 13

ecialize to perform unique functions

Front 14

Tissue level

Back 14

group of many similar cells that all develop together to perform a certain function.

Front 15

Organ level

Back 15

a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues

Front 16

System level

Back 16

involves varying numbers of kinds of organs
arranged so that, together, they can perform
complex functions for the body

Front 17

Organism level

Back 17

Organisms, such as the human body, are a collection of interactive parts that are capable of surviving in hostile
environments.

Front 18

THE CELL

Back 18

*plasma membrane
*nucleus
*nucleoplasm
*cytoplasm

Front 19

plasma membrane

Back 19

controls the exchange of materials between the
cell and its environment by a process called diffusion.

Front 20

nucleus

Back 20

controls the chemical reactions occurring in the cell.The nucleus is also important in the cell's reproduction, due to the storage of genetic information. Every human cell contains 46 chromosomes.

Front 21

nucleoplasm

Back 21

inside nucleus

Front 22

cytoplasm

Back 22

gelatinous substance surrounding the nucleus

Front 23

epithelium

Back 23

It forms the outer covering of the body known as the free surface of the skin.

Front 24

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Back 24

elongated,longer than they are wide.located in the linings of
the uterus digestive system, respiratory system.

Front 25

Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Back 25

plate-like or scale-like cells. main protective tissue of the body

Front 26

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Back 26

cubical in shape. highly specialized organs. eg ovary and the kidney.

Front 27

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Back 27

*Areolar Connective Tissue
*Adipose Connective Tissue
*Osseous Connective Tissue

Front 28

Areolar Connective Tissue

Back 28

chief function is to bind parts of the body together.It is found between muscles and as an outside covering for blood vessels and nerves.

Front 29

Adipose Connective Tissue

Back 29

fatty tissue.helps to reduce body heat loss and
serves as support for various organs and fragile
structures, such as the kidneys, blood vessels,
and nerves

Front 30

Osseous Connective Tissue

Back 30

bone tissue.forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones

Front 31

MUSCULAR TISSUE

Back 31

*Skeletal Muscle Tissue
*Smooth Muscle Tissue
*Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Front 32

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 32

voluntary, usually attached to bones

Front 33

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Back 33

"involuntary" found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and urinary bladder

Front 34

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 34

located only in the heart. responsible for pumping blood through the heart chambers and into certain blood vessels.

Front 35

NERVE TISSUE

Back 35

most complex tissue in the body. The basic cell of the nerve tissue is the neuron

Front 36

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Back 36

skin

Front 37

SKIN FUNCTION

Back 37

protects the underlying structures from injury and invasion by foreign organisms.plays an important part in regulating body temperature.

Front 38

Epidermis

Back 38

outer skin layer

Front 39

Dermis

Back 39

true skin, lies below the epidermis and gradually blends into the deeper tissues

Front 40

NERVE FIBERS

Back 40

motor and sensory

Front 41

SMOOTH MUSCLES

Back 41

Smooth involuntary muscles are found in the dermis. They are responsible for controlling the skin surface
area.

Front 42

Skin Appendages

Back 42

The appendages of the skin are the nails,
hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and
ceruminous glands

Front 43

Osteology

Back 43

is the study of the structure of bone

Front 44

ossein

Back 44

Inorganic mineral salts give bone its
strength and hardness

Front 45

Bone consists

Back 45

compact bone= outer shell
cancellous tissue= spongy, porous portion

Front 46

medullary canal

Back 46

center of the bone which contains marrow

Front 47

periosteum

Back 47

thin outer membrane surrounding the bone

Front 48

BONE CLASSIFICATIONS

Back 48

• Long bones: Femur and humerus
• Short bones: Wrist and ankle bones
• Flat bones: Skull, sternum, and scapula
• Irregular bones: Vertebrae, mandible, and
pelvic bones

Front 49

Axial Skeleton

Back 49

skull, the vertebral column, and the thorax

Front 50

SKULL

Back 50

28 bones. With the exception of the lower jaw bone and
the ear bones, all skull bones are joined together

Front 51

Cranial Bones

Back 51

formed by eight major bones

Front 52

Frontal Bone

Back 52

In children, the frontal bone develops as
two parts. They are usually fused together by
age 5 or 6.

Front 53

Parietal Bones

Back 53

two parietal bones are located behind the frontal bone.

Front 54

Temporal Bones.

Back 54

form the sides and part of the base of the skull
in the area of the ea

Front 55

Occipital Bone

Back 55

back part of the skull and the base of the
cranium

Front 56

Ethmoid Bone

Back 56

front part of the cranium

Front 57

Sphenoid Bone

Back 57

posterior to the ethmoid bone providing for the
front base of the cranium and forming the floor
and sides of the orbits

Front 58

BONES OF THE FACE

Back 58

14 stationary bones and a mobile lower jawbone

Front 59

palatine bones

Back 59

posterior section of the hard palate and the
floor of the nasal cavity.

Front 60

zygomatic bones

Back 60

responsible for the prominence of the cheeks

Front 61

inferior nasal conchae

Back 61

scroll-shaped bones that lie in the
lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Front 62

vomer bone

Back 62

separates two nasal cavities

Front 63

Mental protuberance

Back 63

Also referred to as
the chin and is located at the midline of the
mandible

Front 64

Mandibular foramen

Back 64

common area where the dental officer will inject
anesthetic to block the nerve impulses.

Front 65

BONES OF THE EAR

Back 65

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

Front 66

VERTEBRAL (SPINAL) COLUMN

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consists of 24 movable or true vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx or tail bone.

Front 67

vertebral foramen

Back 67

hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord.

Front 68

The spinal column is divided into five regions.

Back 68

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
coccygeal

Front 69

Cervical

Back 69

seven cervical vertebrae in the
neck. The first is called the atlas and resembles
a bony ring. It supports the head

Front 70

Thoracic

Back 70

There are 12 vertebrae in the thoracic
region

Front 71

Lumbar

Back 71

There are five lumbar vertebrae

Front 72

Sacrum

Back 72

The sacrum is the triangular bone
immediately below the lumbar vertebrae

Front 73

THORAX

Back 73

is formed by 12 ribs on each side and articulates
posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.

Front 74

manubrium

Back 74

flat irregular bone atop the
sternum

Front 75

The first seven pairs of ribs are called

Back 75

true ribs

Front 76

false ribs

Back 76

They are called false ribs because
their cartilages do not reach the sternum
directly. 5 pairs

Front 77

floating ribs

Back 77

have no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum

Front 78

sternum

Back 78

flat bone, forming the middle portion
of the upper half of the chest wall in front

Front 79

xiphoid process

Back 79

located at the inferior aspect of the sternum

Front 80

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Back 80

bones of the upper and lower extremities.

Front 81

Scapula

Back 81

triangular bone
that lies in the upper part of the back on both
sides, between the second and seventh ribs,
forming the posterior portion of the pectoral
girdle

Front 82

Humerus

Back 82

longest bone
of the upper extremity and is often called the
arm bone

Front 83

Carpal

Back 83

There are eight carpal bones

Front 84

acetabulum

Back 84

head of the femur fits

Front 85

Innominate

Back 85

ilium, ischium, and pubis

Front 86

Symphysi Pubis

Back 86

area where the two pubic bones meet

Front 87

obturator foramen

Back 87

The largest foramen, or opening, is located in
the hip bone

Front 88

Femur

Back 88

longest bone in the body

Front 89

sesamoid bones

Back 89

Bones like the patella that develop within a tendon

Front 90

Tibia

Back 90

is the larger of the two leg bones and lies at the medial side.A prominence easily felt on the
inner aspect of the ankle is called the medial malleolus.

Front 91

Fibula

Back 91

smaller of the two leg bones, is located on the lateral side of the leg. The prominence at the distal end forms the outer
ankle and is known as the lateral malleolus.

Front 92

JOINT CLASSIFICATIONS

Back 92

Immovable (synarthroses)
Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Freely movable (diarthroses)

Front 93

TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS

Back 93

Gliding
Angular

Front 94

Abduction

Back 94

oving an extremity away from the body.

Front 95

Adduction

Back 95

Bringing an extremity toward the body.

Front 96

Supination

Back 96

Turning upward, as in placing the palm of the hand up

Front 97

Pronation

Back 97

Turning downward

Front 98

TMJ

Back 98

TEMPORAL MANDIBULAR JOINT

Front 99

TMJ consists of three bony parts

Back 99

Glenoid fossa
Articular eminence
Condyle

Front 100

Contractibility

Back 100

enables a muscle to become shorter or thicker

Front 101

extensibility

Back 101

stretching
when force is applied

Front 102

elasticity

Back 102

regaining their original form when that force is
removed

Front 103

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Back 103

spinal cord is about 75 ml

Front 104

nervous systems

Back 104

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Front 105

GLIA

Back 105

Glia cells do not usually conduct
information themselves but support the
functions of the neurons in various ways.

Front 106

THE NEURON

Back 106

sensory
motor
interneuron

Front 107

dendrites

Back 107

receptive branches, and vary greatly in size, shape, and number with different types of neurons

Front 108

Schwann cells

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Schwann cells wraparound the axon and act as an electrical insulation.

Front 109

myelin sheath

Back 109

white fibers on the outside of an axon.

Front 110

synapse

Back 110

space between the axon of the activated nerve and the dendrite receptors of another neuron.

Front 111

NERVES

Back 111

sensory nerves:Nerves that conduct impulses into the brain or the spinal cord
motor nerves:carry impulses to muscles and glands are
termed

Front 112

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 112

brain and spinal cord

Front 113

Brain

Back 113

The brain has six major divisions, the
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain,
diancephalon, cerebrum and the cerebellum.

Front 114

CEREBELLUM

Back 114

concerned chiefly with bringing balance,
harmony, and coordination to the motions
initiated by the cerebrum

Front 115

BRAINSTEM

Back 115

medulla oblongata
pons

Front 116

MENINGES

Back 116

*dura mater: is the strong outer layer
*arachnoid membrane: is the delicate middle
layer
*pia mater:is the vascular innermost layer that adheres to the surface of the brain

Front 117

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 117

consists of the nerves that branch out from the
CNS and connects it to the other parts of the body.

Front 118

The PNS includes

Back 118

12 pairs of cranial
31 pairs of spinal nerves

Front 119

Olfactory 1

Back 119

provides the sense of smell

Front 120

Optic 2

Back 120

is for vision

Front 121

Oculomotor, 4. Trochlear, 5. Abducens

Back 121

These three nerves control eye movements
in the six directions

Front 122

Trigeminal 6

Back 122

necessary for normal hearing

Front 123

Facial 7

Back 123

controls the face muscles

Front 124

Acoustic 8

Back 124

Nerve controls hearing and balance

Front 125

Glossopharyngeal

Back 125

Nerves transmit sensation from the upper
mouth and throat area.

Front 126

Vagus

Back 126

control of the roof of
the mouth, vocal cords, and tone of the
voice; hoarseness may also indicate vagus
nerve involvement

Front 127

Spinal Accessory

Back 127

The Spinal Accessory
Nerve controls the turning of the head from
side to side and shoulder shrug against
resistance

Front 128

Hypoglossal

Back 128

governs the muscle activity of the tongue