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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the urinary system consist of? |
Paired kidneys and ureters (right and left) Muscular urinary bladder and urethra |
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Where do the kidneys lie in comparison to the peritoneum? |
Retroperitoneally (behind the peritoneum) |
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What is the vertebrae level of the kidney? |
T12-L3 |
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What rips partially protect the kidneys? |
11-12 |
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Which kidney usually lies lower? |
Right (due to large right liver lobe) |
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What shape are the kidneys in life? |
Oval |
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What colour are the kidneys? |
Red-brown |
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Are the kidneys related superiorly or inferiorly to the diaphragm? |
Superiorly |
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What are both kidneys related to superiorly? |
Supradrenal/adrenal glands |
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What are the anterior relations of the right kidney? (3) |
Liver Duodenum Ascending colon |
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What are the anterior relations of the left kidney? (5) |
Spleen Stomach Pancreas Descending colon Jejunum |
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What is the function of the kidneys? |
To excrete most of the waste products of metabolism by filtering the blood and producing urine. Controlling water and ion concentrations. |
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What are the main parts of the kidney (label diagram)? |
Cortex Medulla Renal pyramids Minor calyces Major calyces Renal pelvis Ureter |
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What is the outer later of tissue in the kidney? |
Cortex |
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What is the inner layer of tissue in the kidney? |
Medulla |
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Where does urine leave the kidney? |
Through the ureter |
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What is formed at the point where the ureter meets the kidney? |
A funnel called the renal pelvis |
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What is the thing that is present in the cortex and medulla that filter waste products from the blood, forming urine? |
Nephrons |
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Where do the pyramids of the cortex drain the urine into? |
Minor calyces |
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How many minor calyces drain into the major calyces? |
2-3 |
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Where do the major calyces drain into? |
Renal pelvis which empties into the ureters into the bladder |
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In the nephron, what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule? |
Any substances that are useful to the body (glucose and ions) are reabsorbed. |
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In the nephron, what happens in the Loop of Henle? |
Water is reabsorbed |
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In the nephron, what happens in the distal convoluted tubule? |
Any waste products that were not filtered out in the capsule are secreted into the lumen of the nephron. |
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In the kidney, where do the proximal and distal tubules sit? |
In the cortex |
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In the kidney, where does the loop of Henle pass through? |
The medulla |
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What occurs in the collecting duct of a nephron? |
Water and ions are reabsorbed into the blood Volume of urine is controlled. |
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What hormone is released from the posterior pituitary that make the collecting duct more permeable to water? |
Antidiuretic hormone |
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Where do the renal arteries arise (vertebrae level)? |
L1 - large branches of the abdominal aorta |
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What do the renal arteries divide into? |
Afferent arterioles |
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What to the afferent arterioles of the renal arteries feed into? |
Glomeruli |
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Where do efferent arterioles run from? |
Run from the glomeruli and wrap around the nephron. |
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What is the name of the efferent arterioles that wrap around the Loop of Henle? |
Vasa recta |
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Where does the vasa recta drain into? |
Renal veins which empty into the inferior vena cava. |
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What is the function of the ureters? |
Empty urine from their respective kidneys and carry it to the urinary bladder. |
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How many layers of smooth muscle fibres do the ureters have? |
3 |
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How does the ureters run when entering the bladder? |
Obliquely through the muscle of the bladder wall |
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When the bladder is full or contracting, what do the ureters act as? |
Valves that prevent urinary reflux into the ureters. |
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What is the function of the bladder? |
Temporary reservoir for urine |
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What is the minus amount of urine that the bladder always has in it? |
50ml |
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In adults, where does the empty bladder sit? |
Lesser pelvis |
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When full, where doe the bladder expand to? |
In the exztraperitoneal fat of the anterior body wall. |
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In infants and children younger than 6, where does the bladder sit? |
In the abdomen |
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What are the 3 smooth muscle layers of the bladder? |
Internal, middle and external layer |
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What do the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the bladder form? |
Detrusor muscle |
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What is different about the different fibres of the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the bladder, what are their directions? |
Internal and external layers = longitudinal Middle = circular |
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What is the bladder musculature? |
A distorted continuation of the three layers of spiral smooth muscle that surrounds the ureters. |
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What is present on the posterior wall of the bladder, between the ureteric orifices? |
Trigone (smooth triangular area) |
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What are the rugae of the bladder? |
Ridges that line the majority of an empty bladder, flattening out as the bladder expands. |
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What epithelium lines the urinary system from the renal pelvis to the urethra? |
Urothelium (transitional epithelium) |
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What is the sphincter present at the junction between the bladder and the urethra? |
Internal urethra sphincter |
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What controls the internal urethra sphincter? |
Autonomic control/innervation |
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What is the skeletal muscle sphincter present in the urethra and bladder? |
External urethra sphincter |
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What controls the external urethra sphincter? |
Voluntary control |
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What is the function of the urethra? |
Expels urine from the bladder during urination |
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In females is the urethra short and straight or long and curved? |
Short and straight |
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Why are UTI's more common in females? |
Shorter length of urethra and it's proximity to the anus. |
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What does the female reproductive system consist of? |
Vagina Uterus Uterine (fallopian) tubes Ovaries |
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Where do the organs of reproduction sit? |
Lesser pelvis |
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What does the vagina connect? |
A tube that connects the uterus to the external genitalia. |
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What does the superior end of the vagina surround? |
Cervix |
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Where does the inferior end of the vagina open in? |
Vestibule (between the labia minora) |
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Is the vagina normally open or collapsed? |
Collapsed |
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What is the cervix? |
The opening of the uterus |
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What is the inferior opening of the cervix in the vagina known as? |
External os |
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What is the superior opening of the cervix into the uterus known as? |
Internal os |
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What is the difference of the epithelium of the canal at the internal and external os? |
Internal = squamous External = stratified |
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What is the area of changed tissue between the internal and external os predisposed to? |
Cancerous changes |
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What is the uterus the site of? |
Site of implantation of the blastocyte and subsequent growth of the embryo |
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Where does the body of the uterus lie in relation to the empty bladder? |
On the superior surface of the bladder |
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What are the 2 main parts of the uterus? |
1) the body 2) the cervix |
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What fraction of the uterus does the body make up? |
Upper 2/3 |
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What are the 2 divisions of the body of the uterus? |
1) Fundus 2) Isthmus |
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What are the 3 layers of the body of the uterus wall? |
1) Perimetrium 2) Myometrium 3) Endometrium |
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What is the perimetrium layer of the uterus? |
Outer thin layer of connective tissue |
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What does the myometrium layer of the uterus provide? |
It is the middle smooth muscle layer providing contractile strength therefore allowing the uterus to contract in labour and menstruation. |
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What is the endometrium layer of the uterus and what is it the site for in pregnancy? |
Mucous lining, site of implantation and it is also degenerated in the menstrual cycle. |
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As the uterus is in the middle of the pelvic cavity it has no skeletal support, so what does it reply on for stability and to maintain it's position? |
Muscles - such as the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues (uterosacral ligaments) |
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What connects the uterus to the ovaries? |
Uterine (fallopian) tubes |
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What is present at the ends of the fallopian tubes? |
Finger-like fimbrae |
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What is the function of the fimbrae at the end of the fallopian tubes? |
They waft the released ova into the open end of the tube. |
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What lines the fallopian tubes to aid the movement of ova into the uterus? |
Cilia |
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What process usually occurs in the fallopian tubes? |
Fertilisation (and a small amount of cell division) |
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Is there a direct connection between the ovaries and fallopian tubes? |
No |
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Where do the uterine tubes open up into? |
Peritoneal cavity (a small distance from the ovaries) |
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What are the ovaries the site of? |
Ovum release and also the production and release of the female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone. |
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What is the period of time called when the ova run out? |
Menopause |
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What does the mail reproduction system consist of? |
Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentes Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts Prostate Bulbouretheral glands |
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Where do the testes sit? |
Outside the body in the scrotum |
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What are the testes suspended in the scrotum by? |
Spermatic cord |
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What is the fibrous coat that covers the testers called? |
Tunica albuginea |
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What is the function of the testes? |
To produce sperm and hormones (testosterone) |
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Internally, what divides each testis into lobules? |
Fibrous septa |
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What lies within the lobules of each testis? |
Coiled seminiferous tubules |
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What are the rete testis? |
A network of channels in the tubules of the testis |
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What joins the rete testis to the epididymis? |
Efferent ductules |
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What is the tunica vaginalis? |
A double layer of connective tissue surround the testis allowing them to move freely. |
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What is the epididymis? |
A long coiled tube that lies posterior to the testes. |
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What is the function of the length of the epididymis? |
Storage and a maturation site for spermatozoa |
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What is the tail of the epididymis continuous with? |
Vas deferens (ductus deferens) that passes into the spermatic cord. |
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What does the spermatic cord do? |
Suspends the testis in the scrotum |
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What are the 3 types of fascia that cover the spermatic cord? |
Internal Cremasteric External |
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What are the 4 things that make up the spermatic cord? |
1) Vas/ductus deferens 2) Blood vessels 3) Sympathetic and somatic nerves 4) Lymphatic vessels |
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What is the vas/ductus deferens a continuation of? |
Continuation of the epididymis |
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What is the route of the vas deferens? |
It ascends in the spermatic cord into the abdominal cavity, loops over the ureter and descends posterior to the urinary bladder. |
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What does the vas deferens combine with to form the ejaculatory duct? |
Seminal vesicle |
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What is a seminal vesicle? |
An obliquely placed elongated gland |
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What does the seminal vesicle secrete? |
An alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm as they pass into the ejaculatory duct. |
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What % of the semen is made up of sperm? |
1% |
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What are the ejaculatory ducts a combination of? |
Vas deferens and seminal vesicle ducts |
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Where do the ejaculatory ducts open into? |
The urethra within the prostate |
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What is the prostate gland? |
An accessory gland of the male reproductive system. |
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Where do the prostatic ducts open into? |
A region of the urethra that lies within the prostate (the prostatic urethra). |
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What is the composition of prostatic fluid? |
Thin and milky |
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What percentage of semen does the prostatic fluid make up? |
20-25% |
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Are prostatic secretions acidic or alkaline? |
Acidic |
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What is the function of the prostatic secretions? |
Aid sperm motility and facilitate coagulation of the semen just before ejaculation. |
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What do the bulbourethral glands secrete? |
Transparent and viscous fluid adding volume to the semen - providing lubrication. |
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Where do the bulbourethral gland ducts open into? |
The urethra soon after the external urethral sphincter. |
