Human Anatomy

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

study of structure (how its made

Front 2

Gross Anatomy

Back 2

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Front 3

Regional Anatomy

Back 3

structures of a particular region of the body

Front 4

Systemic Anatomy

Back 4

system by system study

Front 5

Surface Anatomy

Back 5

internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Front 6

cytology

Back 6

cells of the body

Front 7

histology

Back 7

tissues of the body

Front 8

Physiology

Back 8

study of the function of the body (what it does)

Front 9

Renal Physiology

Back 9

concerns kidney function and urine production

Front 10

Neurophysiology

Back 10

explains the working of the nervous system

Front 11

Cardiovascular Physiology

Back 11

operation of the heart and blood vessels

Front 12

Principle of Complementarity

Back 12

Physiology and Anatomy are inseperable

Front 13

6 Levels of Structural Organization

Back 13

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Front 14

Chemical

Back 14

atoms combine to form molecules (proteins and water)

Front 15

Cellular

Back 15

made up molecules

Front 16

Tissue

Back 16

consist of similar types of cells

Front 17

Organ

Back 17

made up different types of tissues

Front 18

Organ system

Back 18

consist of different types of organs that work together

Front 19

Organismal

Back 19

made up of many organ systems

Front 20

Maintaining Boundaries

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 20

internal environment remains distinct from the external environment

Front 21

Movement

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 21

activities promoted by the muscular system

Front 22

Responsiveness

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 22

ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them

Front 23

Digestion

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 23

breaking down of food

Front 24

Metabolism

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 24

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

Front 25

Excretion

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 25

process of removing wastes from the body

Front 26

Reproduction

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 26

original cell divides producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repaired

Front 27

Growth

(Necessary Life Function)

Back 27

increase in size of a body or the organism as awhole

Front 28

Integumentary System

Back 28

external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury (hair, skin, nails)

Front 29

Nervous System

Back 29

fact acting control system, responds to internal and external changes (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

Front 30

Skeletal System

Back 30

protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles are to cause movement

Front 31

Endocrine System

Back 31

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes (testis, ovary, pancreas)

Front 32

Muscular System

Back 32

allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression (skeletal, muscles)

Front 33

Cardiovascular System

Back 33

blood vessels transport blood (heart, blood vessels)

Front 34

Lymphatic System

Back 34

picks up fluid from the blood vessels and returns it to blood (spleen, red bone marrow, thymes)

Front 35

Urinary System

Back 35

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body (kidney, urinary bladder, urethra, ureter)

Front 36

Respiratory System

Back 36

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (lungs, bronchus, larynx, trachea)

Front 37

Digestive System

Back 37

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells (large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, oral cavity)

Front 38

Reproductive System

Back 38

production of offspring

Front 39

Reproductive System

MALE

Back 39

testes produce sperm and sex hormones, duct and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female tract (penis, testis)

Front 40

Reproductive System

FEMALE

Back 40

ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones, remaining structures serves as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus, mammary glands produce milk (ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube)

Front 41

Homeostastis

Back 41

describe its ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continously

Front 42

Dorsal body cavity

Back 42

protect the fragile nervous system organs

Front 43

ventral body cavity

Back 43

more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities

Front 44

anterior

Back 44

toward or at the front of the body

Front 45

posterior

Back 45

toward or at the back of the body

Front 46

anatomical position

Back 46

anatomical reference point is a standard body position

Front 47

Serosa

Back 47

walls of the ventral body cavity and the other surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin double layer membrane

Front 48

parietal serosa

Back 48

lining of the cavity wall

Front 49

visceral serosa

Back 49

covering the organs in the cavitiy

Front 50

serous fluid

Back 50

serous membrane are separated not by air by by a thin layer of lubricating fluid

Front 51

Four major tissues

Back 51

nervous, muscles, epithelial, connective

Front 52

epithelium

Back 52

a sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity

Front 53

Function of Simple Squamous Epithelia

Back 53

allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important

Front 54

Location of Simple Squamous Epithelia

Back 54

air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels

Front 55

Function of Simple Cubodail Epithelia

Back 55

secretion and absorption

Front 56

Location of Simple Cuodail Epithelia

Back 56

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

Front 57

Function of Simple Columnar Epithelia

Back 57

absorption

Front 58

Location of Simple Columnar Epithelia

Back 58

gallbladder, excretory ducts of some glands

Front 59

Function of Pseudostratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 59

secret substances, particularly mucus

Front 60

Location of Pseudostratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 60

male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands

Front 61

Function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 61

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Front 62

Location of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 62

lining of mouth, vagina, and esophagus

Front 63

Function of Transitional Epithelium

Back 63

stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ

Front 64

Location of Transitional Epithelium

Back 64

lines the ureters bladder and part of the urethra

Front 65

gland

Back 65

consist of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Front 66

Secretion gland

Back 66

an aqueous fluid that usually contains proteins but there is a variation

Front 67

Endocrine gland

Back 67

called ductless glands because lose their ducts, they produce hormones

Front 68

Exocrine gland

Back 68

secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities

Front 69

Merocrine gland

Back 69

secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced

Front 70

Holocrine gland

Back 70

accumulate their products within them until they rupture

Front 71

Connective Tissue

Back 71

prevalent in the body, its amount in particular organ varies

Front 72

ground substance

Back 72

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fivers

Front 73

fibers

Back 73

proteins that provide support

Front 74

collagen fibers

Back 74

secreted into the extracellular space where they assemble spontaneously into cross linked fibrils

Front 75

elastic fibers

Back 75

long thin fibers form branching networks in the extracellular matrix

Front 76

reticular fibers

Back 76

short fine collagenous fibers have slightly different chemistry and form

Front 77

Function of areolar tissue

Back 77

wraps and cushions organs, holds and conveys tissue

Front 78

Location of areolar tissue

Back 78

under epithelia of body, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

Front 79

Function of adipose tissue

Back 79

provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs

Front 80

Location of adipose tissue

Back 80

under skin in subcutaneous tissue, around kidney and eyeballs, breast, abdomen

Front 81

Function of Reticular tissue

Back 81

fivers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types like white blood cells

Front 82

Location of Reticular tissue

Back 82

lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen)

Front 83

Function of dense regular tissue

Back 83

attaches muscles to bones or bones to bones

Front 84

Location of dense regular tissue

Back 84

ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses

Front 85

Function of dense irregular tissue

Back 85

withstands tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength

Front 86

Location of dense irregular tissue

Back 86

dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints

Front 87

Function of elastic tissue

Back 87

allows tissue to recoil after stretching, mains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries

Front 88

Location of elastic tissue

Back 88

walls of large arteries, aorta, heart

Front 89

Location of hyaline tissue

Back 89

forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities, cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Front 90

Function of hyaline cartilage tissue

Back 90

supports and reinforces, serves as cushion

Front 91

Function of elastic cartilage tissue

Back 91

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

Front 92

Location of elastic cartilage tissue

Back 92

supports the external ear (pinna), epiglottis

Front 93

Functions of fibro cartilage tissue

Back 93

tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock

Front 94

Location of fibro cartilage tissue

Back 94

intervetebral discs, discs of the knee joints

Front 95

Function of bone tissue

Back 95

supports and minerals and fats, marrow inside bones is the site for blood cells formation

Front 96

Function of blood tissue

Back 96

transport respiratory gases, nutrients, waster, and other substances

Front 97

tendon

Back 97

muscle to bone

Front 98

ligament

Back 98

bone to bone

Front 99

muscular tissue

Back 99

are highly cellular, well vascularied tissues that are responsible for most types of movement

Front 100

Skeletal tissue Function of muscle

Back 100

locomtion, voluntary movement

Front 101

Cardiac tissue function of muscle

Back 101

it propels blood into circulation, involuntary movement

Front 102

Smooth muscle tissue Function

Back 102

propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control

Front 103

Location of smooth muscle tissue

Back 103

mostly in the walls of hollow organs

Front 104

Nervous

Back 104

main component of the nervous system which regulates and controls body functions

Front 105

neurons

Back 105

highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

Front 106

membranes

Back 106

incorporate more than one type of tissue

Front 107

Cutaneous Membrane

Back 107

dermis, skin

Front 108

Mucous Membrane

Back 108

nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining

Front 109

Serous Membrane

Back 109

line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs, encloses the heart

Front 110

Germ Layers

Back 110

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Front 111

Three types of regions of skin

Back 111

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Front 112

Kerationcytes

(cell of epidermis)

Back 112

produce kertain, fibrous proteins that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

Front 113

Melanocytes

(cell of epidermis)

Back 113

spider shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

Front 114

Dendritic

(cell of epidermis)

Back 114

star shaped, arise from bone marrow migrate to the epidermis

Front 115

Tactile

(cell of epidermis

Back 115

present at the epidermal dermal junction

Front 116

Five Layers of the Epidermis

Back 116

corneum, lucid, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Front 117

dermis

Back 117

made up strong, flexible connective tissue

Front 118

paillary layer

Back 118

areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers from a losely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels

Front 119

reticular layer

Back 119

accounting for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis is coarse dense irregular connective tissue

Front 120

dermal papillae

Back 120

peglike projections from its surface

Front 121

friction ridges

Back 121

dermal riders are assumed to enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet

Front 122

cleabage

Back 122

separations or less dense regions of the collagen fivers that run in various planes

Front 123

Sudoriferous glands

Back 123

distributed over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia

Front 124

eccrine sweat glands

Back 124

particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet and forhead

Front 125

apocrine sweat glands

Back 125

largely confined to axillary and anogenital areas

Front 126

ceruminous glands

Back 126

modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal

Front 127

mammary glands

Back 127

secret milk, nursing

Front 128

sebaceous gland (oil)

Back 128

simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body except in the thick skin of the palms and soles

Front 129

Receptor

Back 129

type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to change

Front 130

Control center

Back 130

determines the set point which is the level or range at which variable is to be maintained

Front 131

Effector

Back 131

provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus

Front 132

Negative Feedback

Back 132

the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces it intensity

Front 133

Positive Feedback

Back 133

result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accerlerated