Human Anatomy

Front 1

Introduction

Back 1

Cell Theory

Front 2

1. All living organisms are _____ and ___ produced by those cells.

Back 2

composed of cells, of substances

Front 3

2. The cell is the ____

Back 3

basic unit of life

Front 4

3. cells come in a variety of_____ and have different____

Back 4

sizes, shapes

Front 5

Cell Structures

Back 5

Plasma Membrane(cell membrane)

Front 6

Structure- made of____and_____

Back 6

lipid molecules, protein molecules

Front 7

lipid molecules are a type of lipid known as ________________________

Back 7

phospholipids

Front 8

each molecule has a ___________________________on one end

Back 8

phosphate chemical group

Front 9

the other end of the phospholipid molecule is made of two _______________

Back 9

fatty acids

Front 10

the phosphate chemical group end of the molecule is _______ in water
and is called the _________

Back 10

soluble, hydrophilic tail

Front 11

the fatty acid end of the phospholipid molecule is ______
in water and is called the __________

Back 11

not soluble, hydrophobic tail

Front 12

the cell membrane is made of a ____ of
many phospholipid molecules called the __________

Back 12

double layer, phospholipid bilayer

Front 13

the difference in the _______ of the two ends of each ________
causes the membrane to assume a certain shape in fluid

Back 13

solubility, phospholipid molecule

Front 14

__________ embedded in the _________ act as ______
for substances to cross into or out of the cell

Back 14

Protiens, phospholipid bilayer, bridges

Front 15

Functions

Back 15

a. surrounds the cell and each of the organelles within the cell

Front 16

gives cell its __________ and _______________________

Back 16

shape, holds it together

Front 17

selective permeability: ____________________

Back 17

controls molecule movement into and out of the cell.

Front 18

contains chemical molecules needed by the cell- ______________________________

Back 18

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucliec acids

Front 19

Nucleus

Back 19

Structure

Front 20

usually it is the ________________ organelle

Back 20

largest

Front 21

most cells have only _______ nucleus

Back 21

one

Front 22

nuclear membrane - very __________

Back 22

selectively permeable

Front 23

chromatin – ________________ material (it is the _______ strand)
(1) appears as a darkly staining clump in non-dividing cells
(2) takes the shape of chromosomes in dividing cells

Back 23

genetic, dna

Front 24

nucleoli (nucleolus) – small round organelles inside nucleus that make ___________

Back 24

ribosomes

Front 25

Function:

Back 25

of nucleus: control of cells

Front 26

(endoplasmic reticulum)
1. structure
a. elaborate network of membranous sacs and canals surrounding
nucleus and extending throughout the cytoplasm
b. sacs and canals filled with ________ and ____________ for biochemical reactions

Back 26

fluid, enzymes

Front 27

function
a. acts as a ________________ between nucleus and other organelles
b. rough or granular ER: has _______________ on the surface and is active in
______________________
c. smooth or agranular ER: does not have ribosomes and is active in
detoxification of poisons, medicines and alcohol

Back 27

a. Communicatiopn network, b. ribosomes, protein synthesis

Front 28

ribosomes
1. structure - small non-membrane bound organelles made of two subunits and located on rough
endoplasmic reticulum and randomly scattered in cytoplasm
2. function - site of __________________

Back 28

protein synthesis

Front 29

(Golgi apparatus)
structure – shaped like a _____________ that are actually membranous sacs
that “puff” out when filled with fluid and proteins made by ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum

Back 29

stack of hollow pancake-like membranous sacs

Front 30

function – _____________
a. after a protein molecule is made it is sent to the Golgi apparatus
b. chemicals in the Golgi sacs cause the protein molecule to take on the
specific ___________ it needs to have to be useful to the body
c. the protein is then ___________ inside a ____________ for transport

Back 30

protein processing and packaging, b. shape, c. packaged, vesicle

Front 31

lysosomes
1. structure
a. small sacs containing ___________________________
b. freely distributed in cytoplasm

Back 31

a. digestive enzymes

Front 32

function
a. ___________ foreign, phagocytized materials and ____ cell parts
b. ____________: lysosomes rupture at cell death and the released enzymes digest the dead cell
c. sometimes called __________
d. some diseases and aging symptoms may be due to “leaking” lysosomes that damage joints or
other tissues

Back 32

a. digest, injured organelles, b. autolysis, c. suicide sacs

Front 33

matrix: area inside the _____________________________

Back 33

inner membrane

Front 34

cristae: ____________ of the ______________________ filling the matrix

Back 34

folds, inner memebrane

Front 35

mitochondria- converts_____ into______

Back 35

glucose molecules, ATP for cell use

Front 36

microtubules

Back 36

hollow tubes made of protein fibers twisted around one another

Front 37

microtubules form ___________ for ___________
(2) form _______: two rod-shaped organelles lying near nucleus which
help cell separate during division
(3) form ______: organelle forming during division that pulls chromosomes to
opposite poles of the cell
(4) form _____: ___________ appendages found on some cells that allow cell
movement and sweep things across the surface of the cell
form _____: ______ appendages found on some cells that allow
cell movement

Back 37

1.tracks, organelles movement
2. centrioles
3.spindle
4cilia: hairlike
5.flagella, tail like

Front 38

microtubules function:
a. _________ of the cell
b. provides _____ for ______ ____________
c. makes up centrioles, spindle, cilia, flagella, actin, myosin and microvilli

Back 38

a. structual support
b.tracks, organelle, movement within the cell

Front 39

Cell membranes are selectively permeable and three factors determine what types of molecules
will be able to pass through the membrane:

Back 39

1.size and shape of the molecule
2.electrical charge on the molecule
3.cell need

Front 40

Molecules can pass through the membrane in four ways
1. directly through the membrane: lipid soluble molecules such as _______ and
________; _______ can also pass directly through the membrane
2. membrane channels or bridges (protein bridges): passageways extending
through the membrane allow charged molecules such as _______,
________ and ________ to cross the membrane

Back 40

1.oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
2. sodium, potassium, chloride

Front 41

3. carrier molecules: protein molecules bind to large, non-lipid soluble molecules
such as __________ and _________________ and carry them across
4. vesicles:

Back 41

3.glucose, amino acids
4.surround and enclose certain large, non-lipid soluble molecules across

Front 42

Molecules can cross the cell membrane by______________ transport mechanisms
or by ______________ transport mechanisms

Back 42

passive, active

Front 43

1. passive transport mechanisms
a. do not require _______________
b. molecules are going ______________ from side of membrane with
a greater concentration to side with a lesser concentration
c. wWater molecules, gas molecules (Oxygen & carbon dioxide), small uncharged molecules

Back 43

a.energy
b. down a concentration gradient

Front 44

2. active transport mechanisms
a. requires __________
b. molecules are going ____________ from side of membrane with a
lesser concentration to side with a greater concentration
c. large, charged molecules

Back 44

a.energy and carrier protein molecules
b. up a concentration gradient

Front 45

Types of Passive Transport Mechanisms
1. _________ – the random net movement of particles from an area
of greater to lesser concentration until both areas have equal concentration
a. molecules are going ___________ a concentration gradient
b. oxygen and carbon dioxide cross cell membrane by diffusion
c. lung and capillary example
d. air freshener example

Back 45

1.Simple diffusion
a.down

Front 46

_________ movement of molecules from area of greater to
lesser concentration with the help of protein carrier in the plasma membrane
a. molecules are going _________ a concentration gradient
b. glucose crosses cell membrane by facilitated diffusion

Back 46

2.Facilated diffusion
a.down

Front 47

3. ________________ – diffusion of water molecules (solvent) across a
selectively permeable membrane from the side with a greater concentration to
the side with a lesser concentration
a. water is the ____________
b. sugar and/or salt molcules are the __________
c. permeability of membrane: membrane is permeable to the water molecules but not to the sugar
and salt molecules
d. osmotic pressure: ________________

Back 47

3. Osomosis
a. solvent
b.soluntes

d.tendency of water molecules to move into a solution by osmosis

Front 48

hypertonic solutions:
hypotonic solutions:
isotonic solutions:

Back 48

-have a higher osmotic pressure
-have a lower osmotic pressure
-have the same osmotic pressure

Front 49

movement of moleculesfrom regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure through a partition with small holes

Back 49

Filtration

Front 50

Types of Active Transport Mechanisms
1. sodium-potassium pump
a. mechanism body uses to maintain the correct concentration of Na and K ions on both sides of
cell membranes so that muscle contraction and nerve impulses can occur correctly
b. “resting membrane potential” is achieved when Na and K concentrations are correct
c. must have a greater concentration of _____________ outside the cell and a greater concentration
of potassium inside the cell

Back 50

ATP

Front 51

mechanisms involving vesicles
a. endocytosis: _______ of a molecule by the formation of a vesicle
(1) pinocytosis: _______
(a) ingestion of fluid with dissolved molecules inside a vesicle
(b) occurs in some cells of kidney, liver and blood vesels
(2) phagocytosis: ________
(a) ingestion of solid particles
(b) white blood cells take in bacteria by phagocytosis
b. exocytosis: _______ removal of waste products or secretions produced by cell are packaged inside vesicles

Back 51

a. taking in
(1)cell drinking
(2)cell eating
b.?????

Front 52

Interphase
1. time _____________
2. cell is growing, maturing and differentiating
3. ____________
4. cell takes in nutrients
5. cell is making organelles

Back 52

1.between cell division
3.chromosomes (DNA) replicates

Front 53

Mitosis – a type of cell division
1. occurs in _____________: all of the cells of the body except those in the ovary
and testes that produce gametes (eggs and sperm)
2. ___________ reproduce by mitosis
3. results in ____________
4. continuous process with four distinct phases

Back 53

1.somatic cells
2.unicellular organisms
3.two identical daughter cells

Front 54

four distinct phases

Back 54

1.prophase
2.metaphase
3.anaphase
4.telophase

Front 55

Meiosis: another type of cell division

Back 55

1. occurs in cells of ovary and testes
2. results in production of gametes: eggs and sperm
3. consists of two sets of cell divisions resulting in four cells each of which contains
half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
4. when egg is fertilized by sperm the resulting cell is a new individual organism with a full set of
chromosomes
5. the zygote immediately begins to undergo mitosis as it grows, develops and the cells
differentiate into specialized cells such as liver cells, skin cells, nerve cells and so on