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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A body in the anatomical position is what? |
Looking forward Standing upright Palms forward Feet pointing forward |
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What is the median anatomical plane? |
A vertical slice through the body from front to back, through the middle. Divides the body into equal left and right halves. |
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What is the sagittal anatomical plane? |
Same as the median but not necessarily through the middle (off to the side). |
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What is the coronal anatomical plane? |
Divides the body into a front and back section. Can be equal halves or unequal sections. |
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What is the horizontal/transverse anatomical plane? |
Divides the body into a top and bottom bit. |
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What is the oblique anatomical plane? |
Not vertical or horizontal but at an angle. |
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Superior? |
Nearer to the head. |
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Inferior? |
Nearer to the feet. |
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Anterior? |
Nearer to the front. |
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Posterior? |
Nearer to the back. |
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Medial? |
Nearer to the median plane. |
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Lateral? |
Farther from the median plane. |
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Proximal? |
Nearer to the trunk or point of origin. |
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Distal? |
Farther from the trunk or point of origin. |
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Superficial? |
Nearer to or on the surface. |
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Deep? |
Farther from the surface. |
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Dorsum? |
Dorsal surface part of hand or foot. |
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Palm? |
Palmar surface of the hand. |
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Sole? |
Plantar surface of the foot. |
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What are the 4 sections of vertebrae? |
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral |
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How many cervical vertebrae are there? |
7 (C1-C7) Atlas = C1 Axis = C2 |
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there? |
12 (T1-T12) |
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there? |
5 (L1-L5) |
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How many sacral vertebrae are there? |
5 (S1-S5) |
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What are the 9 abdominal boundaries? |
Right Hypochondrium Right Lumbar Right Iliac Fossa Epigastrium Umbilical Hypogastrium Left Hypochondrium Left Lumbar Left Iliac Fossa |
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What are the 3 (4) planes/lines that divide the abdominal boundaries? |
Transpyloric plane Transtubercular plane Midclavicular line |
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What are the 4 main functions of the skeleton? |
1) Protection of major organs 2) Forming the mechanical basis for movement 3) Haemopoesis in bone marrow 4) Storage of salts in bone |
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What are the ends of bone called compared to the middle? |
Epiphysis and Diaphysis |
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What are the 2 types of mature (Haversian) bone? |
1) Compact 2) Spongy |
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What is the difference between compact and spongy bone? |
Compact = strong and dense, all bones in the body have a superficial thin layer. Spongy = less dense, numerous air spaces, forms the core of most bones except replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity. |
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What does bone have that cartilage doesn't? |
A blood and nerve supply (it relies on diffusion too obtain nutrients and oxygen). |
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What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
1) hyaline 2) fibro 3) elastic |
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Which is the most widely present type of cartilage in the body? |
Hyaline |
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Which type of cartilage is present in adults as articular cartilage? |
Hyaline (in joints and in the respiratory system as support for the airways). |
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Where is fibro cartilage found? |
Found in articular disks within joints, in invertebral disks and around the edge of ball and socket joints. |
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Where is elastic cartilage found? |
External ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of the larynx. |
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Label a diagram of the skeleton with... |
Skull Mandible Sternum Clavicle Scapula Humorous Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Ribs (12) Costal cartilages Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Hip bone (innominate) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals |
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What is the pelvis protected and supported by? |
Hip bone |
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What is different about the female pelvis? |
It is flatter and wider than the male pelvis. |
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What are the 2 subdivisions of the pelvis? |
The greater and lesser pelvis. |
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Where does the greater pelvis lie? |
Between the 2 large ilium bones. |
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Where does the lesser pelvis lie? |
Deep to the pubic bone. |
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What vertebrae does the heart extend to and from? |
T5 superiorly to T9 inferiorly |
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What is the heart covered by? |
Tough fascia, the pericardium |
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What is the apex deep to? |
The 5th intercostal space |
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Where is the arch of the aorta? |
At the level of T4. |
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Where does the aorta end/terminate? |
At the common iliac arteries (which supply the pelvis and leg). |
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Where do the lungs extend to and from? |
T1 (first rib) to T12 (level of the diaphragm). |
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Where do the lungs cross the midclavicle line? |
Level with the 7th rib. |
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Where does the pleura cross the midclavicle line? |
Level with the 9th rib. |
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What does the diaphragm separate? |
The thorax from the abdomen? |
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Where is the diaphragm located at rest? |
T9 |
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What does contraction of the diaphragm cause? |
Flattening of the diaphragm. |
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What prevents the organs moving and being damaged by friction? |
The pleura. |
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What is the visceral pleura deep to? |
The parietal pleura. |
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What makes up the gastrointestinal tract? |
Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum |
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Where does the oesophagus begin and end? |
Back of the mouth to the stomach, passing through the diaphragm. |
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What is a hiatus hernia and what does it cause? |
Herniation of the stomach into the thorax. Can cause gastro-oesophageal reflux. |
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Is there a sphincter at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach? |
No, but there is a band of muscle that prevents reflux. |
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Where is the stomach located in relation to the diaphragm? |
Just below the diaphragm to the left of the abdominal cavity. |
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What is the stomach's function? |
Acts as a food blender and reservoir. |
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What does the low pH environment in the stomach aid? |
Digestion and provides an important physiological barrier against pathogens. |
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What are the 3 parts of the stomach? |
1) Fundus 2) Body 3) Pyloric part (antrum - base) |
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What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? |
1) Duodenum 2) Jejunum 3) Ileum (empties into the caecum - large intestine) |
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What are the 4 parts of the duodenum? |
1) Superior 2) Descending 3) Horizontal 4) Ascending |
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What separates the duodenum from the stomach? |
The pyloric sphincter |
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Where does the jejunum begin? |
At the duodenojejunal junction. |
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Where does the jejunum become the ileum? |
At an anatomically indistinct junction. |
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Where is the liver found in the abdomen? |
In the right upper quadrant, directly beneath the diaphragm. |
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Which side of a liver lobe is the largest? |
The right lobe. |
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What does the liver produce? |
Bile |
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What is the function of bile? |
Facilitates digestion of lipids. |
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Where is bile stored? |
Gall bladder |
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What is the pancreas? |
An elongated accessory gland |
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What function does the pancreas have? |
Endocrine function. |
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Where is the pancreas located? |
Superiorly in the umbilical region, extending out to the left lumbar region, inferior and deep to the stomach. |
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What is the first section of the large intestine? |
Caecum |
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Where does the caecum begin? |
Ileocaecal junction in the right inferior quadrant. |
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What is the second part of the large intestine? |
The colon. |
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What are the 4 parts of the colon? |
1) Ascending colon 2) Transverse colon 3) Descending colon 4) Sigmoid colon |
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What is the angle between the ascending and transverse colon? |
Right colic flexure |
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What is the angle between the transverse and descending colon? |
Left colic flexure |
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Which vertebrae does the rectum begin at? |
S3 |
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What is the function of the rectum? |
Store faecal mass and is continuos inferiorly with the anal canal. |
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What is the spleen? |
It is a secondary lymphoid tissue, a vital component of the immune system.q |
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Which abdominal region is the spleen located in? |
Left hypochondrium region |
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What is the main role of the spleen? |
Filtration of blood, removing aged RBCs and collecting antigen. |
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What does the urinary system consist of? |
Kidneys Urinary bladder Ureters Urethra |
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What is the purpose of the urinary system? |
Excretion of urea and other toxins. Maintenance of blood volume and osmolarity. |
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What abdominal regions are the kidneys in? |
Right and left hypochondriac regions |
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What vertebrae are the kidneys located? |
T12 to L3 |
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Which kidney is usually lower? |
Right |
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What are the functions of the kidneys? |
Filter the blood to produce urine that travels from the kidneys to the bladder via the muscular ureters. |
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What are the top of the kidneys level with? |
The inferior pleural border. |
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Where are the adrenal glands located? |
On the superior aspect of each kidney. |
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What do the adrenal glands produce? |
Chemical messengers |
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What are 3 hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex? |
Cortisol (glucocorticoid) Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) Sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) |
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What are 2 hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla? |
Adrenaline Noradrenaline |
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Where is the urinary bladder located below? |
Below the suprapubic region in the lesser pelvis, deep to the pubic bone. |
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Where is the bladder filled from? |
The ureters |
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Where does the bladder expand to when it is filled? |
Into the greater pelvis and as far as the umbilicus. |
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Where does the vermiform appendix extend from? |
From the inferior border of the caecum. |
