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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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organization of living mater
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chemical unit, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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4 principle types of tissue in the body
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epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue
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distribution of simple epithelia tissues:
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(1) simple squamous: endothelium (lining of vessels) and mesothelium (lining organs to reduce friction). (2) simple cuboidal: lining glands. (3) simple columnar- lining of digestive tract. (4) pseudostratified columnar- lungs, respiratory pathways
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Distribution of Stratified Epithelium
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(1) Stratified Squamous- skin, epidermis. (2) Stratified Columnar- not very common, scattered places, lining of reproductive pathways, ducts of glands. (3) Transitional epithelium- lining of urinary system.
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4 types of connective tissue
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(1) Connective Tissue Proper (2) Cartilage (3) Bone (4) Blood
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3 types of Connective Tissue Proper cells
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(1) Mesenchymal Cells- can differentiate into fibroblasts, adipose cells, and smooth muscle around blood vessels. (2) Fibrocyte- main cells of connective tissue proper. produce collagen and elastin fibers. (3) Adipose cells- found everywhere as groups of cells storing energy
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Wandering Cells
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Macrophages, Mast cells, Lymphocytes, and Plasma cells
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Collagen facts
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17,000 lbs/sq.in., comprises 30% of all proteins in the body, produced by fibrocytes.
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Chondrocytes: list cells, interfibrillar substance, and fibers
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chondrocytes- more active when they are chondroblasts, they make the matrix which is 90-99% of cartilage volume. Proteoglygans and proteins attract water which is the most abundant substance in cartilage. H2O allows for cushioning and diffusion of nutrients as well. Collagen and Elastin are the fibers in the proteoglycan maze.
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3 types of cartilage with facts about them
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(1) Hyaline Cartilage- most common type in the body, formse entire embryonic skeleton, as well as nose, ear, ant. part of ribs, within walls of larynx and trachea, and surface of moveable joints. (2) Fibrocartilage- thicker collagen fibers than hyaline. Very dense and strong. Forms intervertebral disks. Shock absorbs in numerous joints. Little if any interfibrillar substance. (3) Elastic Cartilage- found in external ear flap and comprises epiglottis.
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Functions of Integumentary System
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(1) Protection (2) Sensory Perception (3) Excretion (4) Thermoregulation and ater balance (5) Fat metabolism (6) Exchange surface with environment (7) site for production of vitamin D and various growth factors (8) Sociosexual communication and identification
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5 Layers of Epidermis and their function
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(1) Stratum basale- lingl layer of columnar to cuboidal cells that contact basal lamina. It consists mainly of stem cells that divide to form keratinocytes which produce keratin fibers. Melanocytes are in this layer as well which produce melanin and have long cytoplasmic branches. (2) Stratum Spinosum- contains mature keratinocytes in a flattened polyhedral form. (3) Stratum Granulosum- 3-5 layers of flattened cells. cell membrane vacuoles discharge lipids into the intercellular spaces. function as waterproofing layer because of lipids. (4) Stratum Lucidum- only in palms and soles of feet. closely resembles stratum corneum. (5) Stratum Corneum- from a few to 50 flattened cells. between the layers is a lipid like glue from the previous layers. protects from scratching.
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2 Layers of the Dermis and their function
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(1) Stratum Papillare- looping blood vessels and nerve endings. sense touch, allows for better binding with epidermis, forms fingerprints (friction ridges). (2) Stratum Reticulare- extensive network of collagen fibers, thicker than papillary layer, fibers are parallel with scattered elastic fibers.
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explain hypodermis
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contains adipose or loose connective tissue. Contains Fatty layer and Fibrous layer (paper thin sheet of connective tissue between adipose cells.
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structure of a hair follicle
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made of stratified squamous epithelium (extension of epidermis). surrounds hair and is full of keratinocytes. Sometimes deep in hypodermis sometimes only barely entering the dermis.
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Structure of Hair
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(1) Medulla- tightly packed dead cells of pure protein in the very center of the hair. (2) Cortex- surrounds medulla, is the majority of the hair with less tightly packed dead cells. (3) Cuticle- thin layer of flat keratinized cells of most recently dead cells. Also, in the hair follicle, keratinocytes divide and push away from bottom of follicle to top.
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How does the hair stand up?
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Arrector Pili Muscles- small bundle of smooth muscle attached to fibrous sheath and attach to papillary layer, paralleling the oblique angle of the hair. NOT found in facial, axillary, pubic, eyelash, eyebrow, nostril, and ear canal hairs
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Types of Glands and their structure, distribution, and function
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(1) Sebaceous Gland- extension of follicular wall, can be single or multiple sacs and can have multiple on same hair. Over most of body surface except palms and feet. Lips, nipple, genital skin have these glands but they are open to surface and not hair. Most populated in the face. Releases Sebum (di and triglycerides) which keeps hair from drying. This contributes to body odor. (2) Eccrine Sudoriferous Gland- sweat gland. Never opens into hair follicle. Independent invagination of skin surface. Occur in most of skin but more in palms and feet. functions to cool the body. Salts are reabsorbed at top to not wast NaCl. Urea and Uric acid are released. (3) Apocrine Sudoriferous Gland- sweat gland that releases contents in hair follicle. Don't function until puberty. Least numerous of 3 types. Occurs in Axilla, anus, genitals, nipples. may play a role in sexual behavior. Initially no odor until contact with bacteria.
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Functions of bone tissue (4)
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(1) support and muscle attachment (2) protection (3) encloses blood forming elements (4) metabolic role- ready store of calcium
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Physical properties of bone- tension, compression, ability to change
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resist tension- due to collagen fibers (17,000 lbs/sq.in.). resist compression- due to hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]- up to 24,000 lbs/sq.in.. Bone can change or remodel (1) in order to control [Ca+] in plasma and (2) to keep skeleton engineered for maximum effectiveness for mechanical use.
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4 cells of bone and their function
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(1) Osteoprogenitor Cells- similar to mesenchymal cells. can readily undergo division and transform into osteoblasts. (2) Osteoblast- produce the bone matrix. they are cuboid cells that may have numerous extensions of their plasma membrane. they arrange themselves in a single layer of cells at the developing or remodeling edge of bone and deposit the organic matrix, osteoid, which they later mineralize. When not active, they can revert to osteoprogenitor cells or transform into osteocytes. (3) Osteocyte- principle cell of completely formed bone. Flattened cells wiht long arm-like projetions that extend in the canaliculi of matrix. Not as active as osteoblast but releases calcium from bone into blood. They are the maintenance cells of bone tissue. When they die, active resorption by osteoclastic activity occurs. When released from mineralized surroundings, they can revert back to osteoprogenitor cells. (4) Osteoclast- large cells. contain up to 25 nuclei per cell. resorb bone. deep folds of cell contact bone and secrete hydrolytic enzymes to digest matrix
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3 types of collagen producing cells
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(1) Fibrocytes (2) Chondrocytes (3) Osteoblasts
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name structures of osteon:
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Central canal, Lacuna, Canaliculi, Lamella. Also, trabecula (spongy bone) and compact bone
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4 classifications of bones
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long, short, flat, irregular
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Articular cartilage of long bone
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composed of hyaline cartilage
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Periosteum
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dense irregular collagenous connective tissue, paper thin, binds tendons/ligaments to bones.
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Spongy bone distribution
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absorbes shock, protects cartilage
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Medullary cavity
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yellow adipose with blood vessels. Yellow bone marrow
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Nutrient foramen
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allows blood vessels in
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diaphysis
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shaft
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epiphysis
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ends
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Name the 2 types of joints
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Synarthroses (fibrous and cartilaginous joints) and Diarthosis or synovial joint.
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Synarthrosis
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(1) Fibrous Joint- bones connected by solid mass of connective tissue proper (dense irregular collagenous connective tissue). function to facilitate growth and regulate small ranges of movement. (2) Cartilaginous Joints- bones connected by a solid mass of cartilage (hyaline or fibral)
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Diarthrosis or Synovial Joint
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bones connected by a hollow sleeve of connective tissue proper. A joint capsul surrounding a lubricated cavity
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types of Fibrous joints
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fibrous joints are part of the synarthrosis category not diarthrosis. (1) Interosseous Membrane- sheet of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones (tib/fib, rad/ulna). (2) Syndesmomsis- gomphosis: peg and socket joint. specifically the periodontal ligament between jaw and cementum. (3) Suture: plane, squamous, Serrate, or Denticulate
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Types of Cartilaginous Joints
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cartilaginous joints are party of synarthrosis joints not diarthrosis joints. (1) Synchondrosis- hyaline cartilage, found at growth plate between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones. (2) Symphysis- found only in the medial line, absorb shock, intervertebral disk and pubic symphysis.
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Ginglymi or Hinge Joint
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type of synovial joint. movement in one plane, uniaxial. ex- elbow (humeroulnar and humeroradial), interphalangeal of hand and foot, talocrural
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Trochoid or Pivot Joint
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type of synovial joint. bony pivot wiht an osteoligamentous ring. Rotational movement only around the long axis of the pivot bone. ex- proximal and distal radioulnar; median atlantoaxial.
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Condylar or Ellipsoid Joint
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type of synovial joint. comprised of an oval, convex surface fitted to an opposite concave surface. Biaxial- rotation of two axes. ex- Atlanto-occipital; tmj; radiocarpal; metacarpophalangeal; (wrist)
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Spheroidal or Ball and Socket Joint
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type of synovial joint. movement in all planes. ex- humerous, coxal (hip)
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Plane Joint
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type of synovial joint. simple joints consisting of two flat surfaces contacting one another. allows sliding or simple translational movements. ex- between proximal carpal and tarsal bones.
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Seller or Saddle Joint
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type of synovial joint. biaxial movement. ex- carpometacarpal of thumb; calcaneocuboid; sternoclavicular.
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Bicondylar Joint
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type of synovial joint. primarily move in one plane but also have limited rotation about a second axis. ex- knee, combined left and right mandible
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synovial bursa
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has fibrous membrane (dense irregular collagenous connective tissue) and synovial membrane (loose connective tissue). reduces friction (with synovial fluid)
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list 3 types of muscle tissue
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(1) non-striated smooth muscle (digestive, urinary, blood vessels, erector pili, trachea, bronchiols, reproductive tubes (2) striated cardiac muscle (heart) (3) striated skeletal muscle (all over body skeleton. no branching, 50% of body.
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name and describe connective tissue of muscle
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Endomysium- loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers. Perimysium- dense irregular tissue, surrounds muscle fibers and forms a fasiculus. Epimysium- dense irregular tissue, surrounds multiple fasiculi (one muscle). Fascia- surrounds multiple muscles.
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components of plasma in blood
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water, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca), and plasma proteins (Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
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cells in blood
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(1) erythrocytes- 99% of blood cells, 5 million per microliter, no internal organs just hemoglobin. (2) Thrombocytes- anucleated cells that form flattened biconvex discs, important for clotting of blood. (3 Leukocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, llymphocytes, monocytes.
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types of tissue of the heart
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Epicardium (mesothelium with adipose connective tissue or loose connective tissue if there is no fat). Myocardium- bulk of heart, striated cardiac muscle with dense irregular connective tissue. Endocardium- endothelium with dense irregular tissue. Valves are endothelium as well.
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layers of blood vessels
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Tunica Intima- endothelium and internal elastic membrane (swiss cheese). Tunica Media- elastic lamellae (surround non-striated myocytes) and external elastic membrane (swiss cheese). Tunica Externa- Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue.
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which vessels can completely close off to control where blood flows?
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arterioles
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Tubes of the Ureter, bladder, and urethra
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Tunica Mucosa- produces mucus to help with friction, transitional epithelium, keeps wastes separate from body. Tunica muscularis- smooth muscle layers, keeps moving urine through tubes. Tunica Adventitia- dense irregular connective tissue, holds tube together.
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urinary tubes of kidneys
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Renal Pelvis, Major calyx, minor calyx, collecting tubule
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Arteries and veins in kidneys
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renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobar or cortical radiate artery
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structural regions of kidney
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Cortex- outer 1/2 of kidney. Medulla- middle part, arcuate vessels divide medulla and cortex. Renal Columns- in between renal pyramids. Renal Pyramids- collecting tubules
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microscopic anatomy of urinary tubules- starting with collecting tubules
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collecting tubules, distal convoluted tubule, nephron ansa (loop that can go into medulla or stay in cortex), Proximal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule
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Blood vessels of kidney- from interlobar artery to peritubular capillaries
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interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobar or cortical radiate artery, Afferent glomerular arteriole, glomerulus (1st capillary plexus), efferent glomerular arteriole (smaller than afferent glomerular arteriole), peritubular capillaries (second capillary plexus), venule, interlobar or cortical radiate vein
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what is the renal corpuscle?
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consists of the glomerular capillaries and the glomerular capsule surrounding them. This is the site of renal filtration, the movement of protein-free plasma fluid from the blood to the urnary tubular system. Filtration- H2O, electrolytes, glucose are filtered but not cells or proteins. 50 gallons of filtrate are produced each day which is potential urine! Filtrate is before it enters the minor calyx, urine is after that.
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parts of the pharynx
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
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structure of respiratory pathway tubes
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(1) Tunica Mucosa (epithelial layer which produces mucus and is pseudostratified columnar epithelium) and Tela Submucosa (vascular connective tissue) (2) Tunica Media- smooth muscle, dense irregular tissue, and hyaline cartilage (3) Tunica Adventitia- loose to dense irregular tissue
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Anatomy of Larynx
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Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, and epiglottis
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parts of the glottis
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vocal folds (flaps), vocal ligament (stiffer part in the middle that is like a guitar string), and rima glottidis (opening of the vocal folds)- under vocal fold is when it becomes pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
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3 places of attachment of arytenoid cartilage
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(1) forms synovial joint with cricoid cartilage (2) skeletal muscles attach to them (3) attach to vocal ligament
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Tissue Layers of Trachea
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tinica mucosa, tunica fibromusculocartilaginea- incomplete ring which makes them flexible and allows more room for airflow, fibromuscular membrane which lets it shrink as well., and tunic adventitia- dense irreg.
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bronchial tree
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trachea, principle or main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
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blood vessel paths in lungs
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pulmonary artery and arterioles, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins and venules
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