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Human

Human

by nadim00249, May 2009

Subjects: review slides

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	Whats are john lee's 6 styles of love?	Eros, ludus, storage, Mania, Pragma, Agape
	The “Beautiful is Better” Bias	b
	The Effect of Media	b
	The Matching Hypothesis	The theory that people tend to pick romantic partner with the same level of physical attractiveness
	Proximity Effect	The therory that the closer we are to another person in geographical distance, the greater the probability that we will grow and love them
	Mere Exposure Effect	the psychological principle that humans appear to have a natural and usually unconscious tendency to grow fonder of "novel stimulus" the more often they are exposed to it.
	Whats are john lee's 6 styles of love?	Eros, ludus, storage, Mania, Pragma, Agape
	Eros	an erotic passionate style of love often characterized by short lived relationships
	Ludus	A style of love that focuses on the excitement of forming a relationship more than than the relationship it self and typically moves rapidly from one relationship to another.
	Storage	A love style characterized by caring and freindship
	Mania	possessive and controlling style of love
	Pragma	a style of love which partners are selected in a business like matter on the basis of rational and practical cirteria
	Agape	giving the partner whatever he or she needs with out expecting anything in return.
	Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love	Intimacy Passion Commitment
	Intimacy	Liking; feeling a closeness, can share anything with other person.
	Passion	Infatuation; intense sexual desire, physical attractiveness.
	Commitment	Empty Love; desire for long term continuation of relationship.
	intimacy and passion	Romantic Love
	intimacy and commitment	companionate love
	intimacy, passion, and commitment	consummate love
	passion and commitment	fatuous love
	Infatuation	physical attraction with not much in communication. May be confused with love until relationship ends
	Fatuous Love	physical attractiveness and commitment without intimacy.
	Romantic Love	intimacy and passion, unsure of future, need constant reassurance, no commitment.
	Empty Love	only sense of commitment. Stay together – more like roommates than lovers. Better than divorce for children as long as parents still get along.
	Name Gottman’s Communication Warning Signs	Criticism Contempt Defensiveness Stonewalling
	The typical American couple has intercourse about ___ times per week.	3
	Name the researchers responsible for these Sexual Response Cycles	Masters and Johnson
	What are the 3 types of Relationship Abuse?	Physical Verbal Emotional
	The Cycle of Violence and Abuse	The Honeymoon Phase and/or the Beginning of the Relationship The Tension-building Phase Explosion Return to the Honeymoon Phase
	Name the sex researcher who: The epidemiology of sexual behavior Findings controversial/ provocative- ex. higher incidence of homosexuality, masturbation, taboo behaviors than previously thought Published findings in 1948, “Sexual Behavior in the Human Male”	kinsey
	name the researhers: Studied physiology of sexual response cycle 1966, “Human Sexual Response” 1970, “Human Sexual Inadequacy”- follow up publication about sexual dysfunction	Master and johnson
	Biological Sex Defined primarily by anatomy and physiology Combination of Genotype (chromosomes) and Phenotype (expression of genes)	Sexual Identity
	Sexual Orientation	Which sex a person is attracted to Determined, in part, by brain’s exposure to prenatal hormones (sexual differentiation) Evolves by adolescence
	Innate sense of being male or female Established (mainly) by age 2 or 3 Results from interaction of multiple factors…	Gender Identity (Gender Awareness)
	3 factors in gender identity	Evironmantal influences, sexual identity, and prenatal sexual differentiation.(exposure to prenatal hormones leads to feeling attitudes about gender.
	What are the differences between Primary vs. Secondary Sex Characteristics?	Primary Sex Characteristics: physical attributes directly related to reproduction- genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics: traits that distinguish male from female but not directly part of reproduction- pubic hair, facial hair, breast development, deepening of voice, etc.
	Describe the Secondary Sex Characteristics of Girls	Breast buds – 1st sign of puberty (avg. age 11.2) Growth spurt begins – begins about age 12 and finishes about age 16 in most girls. Fatty deposits at hips and buttocks Pubic hair, & after a few years, underarm hair Sweat and sebaceous glands > acne  Menarche – First period (avg. age 12-13)
	Describe the Secondary Sex Characteristics of Boys	Testicles/scrotum growth – 1st sign of puberty Testosterone then stimulates growth of the penis, prostate gland and seminal vessicles. Genital growth(and pubic hair) begins around ages 11-12; finishes about age 15; ejaculation possible about a year after penis begins growing. Nocturnal emissions and voice deepening Temporary gynecomastia Underarm & facial hair, sweat & sebaceous glands appear later
	At what age are the following achieved ? Males: Spermache First intercourse First marriage First birth Females: Menarche First intercourse First marriage First birth	Males:Spermache-14 First intercourse-17 First marriage-27 First birth-29 Females: Menarche-12 First intercourse-17 First marriage-25 First birth-26
	What percentage of teen pregnancies are unintended?	82
	How many adolescents acquire an STI each year?	9 million
	Name 3 Hormones during Adolescence	Estrogen, testosterone, and androgen
	Describe Precocious Puberty	Precocious – before age 11-12 in girls and before 8-9 in boys; premature activation of pituitary hormones perhaps due to early weight gain, hormones in meat/milk, chemical pollutants.
	Describe Delayed Puberty	Delayed – when secondary sex characteristics and physical growth do not begin in early adolescence. Treatment with gonadatropin-releasing hormone or androgens.
	Describe Sexual behavior at or before puberty	Pubertal changes in the brain increase sexual desire, making sexual risk-taking behaviors more likely. First sexual attractions occur at about age 10, after adrenarche but before gonadarche. Masturbation to orgasm is common. Sexual attraction > sexual fantasy > sexual exploration games (e.g., spin the bottle) have more erotic content than early childhood exploration games.
	John Money’s Theory Role behaviors  mainly _______ Sex orientation  mainly _______ Gender identity  mainly _______	Role behaviors  mainly nature Sex orientation  mainly nature Gender identity  mainly nurture
	___________: any substance that promotes development or function of male reproductive system (mainly synthesized by testes, but small amounts synthesized by adrenal gland and by ovaries)	Androgen:
	________ & _______: substances that stimulate the maturation or function of female reproductive system (mainly synthesized by ovaries, but small amounts synthesized by adrenal gland and testes	Estrogen & progestins:
	____?____ Pituitary Gonad axis	Hypothalamus
	Gender Identity: established by age _?_	2-3
	Sexual Orientation: established by _?_	early adolescence
	Both gender ID and Sex Orientation are influenced by brain development during pregnancy	Both gender ID and Sex Orientation are influenced by brain development during pregnancy
	Name Master and Johnson’s 4 stages of sexual response.	1st Phase: Excitement 2nd Phase: Plateau 3rd Phase: Orgasmic 4th Phase: Resolution
	Differences Between Men and Women in the Sexual Response Pattern	Men are not multi orgasmic Men reach orgasm quicker during coitus Men enter into a refractory period after orgasm
	Differences Between Men and Women in the Sexual Response Pattern	Women are multi orgasmic Women reach orgasm as quickly as men during masturbation Women do not have a refractory period
	Masters and Johnson’s Four-Phase Model (The EPOR Model)	Three Important Points NOT Four Separate and Distinct Events Responses Occur In Reaction to ALL Forms of Sexual Stimulation Responses Occur In Men and Women
	The “E” in the EPOR Model	Excitement What’s Happening? Sex Flush Myotonia
	The “P” in the EPOR Model	Plateau What’s Happening? Tenting Self-Discovery: Clitoral Erection and the Myth of Female Orgasms During Heterosexual Intercourse
	The “O” in the EPOR Model	Orgasm What’s Happening? Emission Ejaculatory Inevitability Expulsion Afterglow Women’s and Men’s Descriptions of Orgasm
	The “R” in the EPOR Model	Resolution What’s Happening? Refractory Period Multiple Orgasms
	More on Human Sexual Responding The finger of this woman is touching her _______ inside her vagina.	The G-Spot Location Ejaculation Skene’s Glands
	What are Kaplan’s 3 stages of sexual response	Desire Excitement Orgasm
	What are Reed’s 4 stages of Erotic Stimulus Pathway Theory?	Seduction Sensation Surrender Reflection
	How do Master and Johnson’s EPOR model compare with Reed’s Erotic Stimulus Pathway model?	Both Male and Female Increased heart rate Increased rate of respiration Rise in blood pressure Nipple erection Vasocongestion of skin Increased muscle tone (myotonia) (voluntary and involuntary)
	Males (Phase 1)	Penis becomes partially erect (increase in length and diameter) Testicles drawn upwards toward perineum Scrotum tenses and thickens
	Females (Phase 1)	Engorgement of vaginal walls & inner lips Vaginal lubrication commences Breasts increase in size Inner 2/3 of vagina lengthens & expands (tenting effect) usually 7-10 cm Clitoris becomes tumescent (swells) (similarly to the penis)
	2: Plateau Phase	Prior to orgasm Further increase in circulation & heart rate Arteries dilate, causing vasocongestion Engorgement further restricts veins, preventing blood from leaving Increase in sexual pleasure with increased stimulation Further increase in muscle tension Involuntary vocalizations may occur
	Males (Phase 2)	Erection becomes more stable, man becomes less prone to distraction Internal urethral sphincter contracts Seminal secretions begin Testes rise closer to body and swell
	Females (Phase 2)	Areola and labia increase in size Clitoris withdraws beneath clitoral hood Vaginal lubrication increases Further vasocongestion Pubococcygeus muscle contracts, tightening the vaginal opening “Orgasmic Platform” created
	3: Orgasmic Phase	Conclusion of plateau & release of sexual tension Involuntary vocalizations Euphoric sensation Amygdala shuts down HR up to 160-180 beats per minute Respiration up to 40 breaths per minute General loss of voluntary muscle/motor control
	Males (Phase 3)	Contractions begin from base of testes through epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, & penis 2-5 ml of semen released over 3-10 secs Volume varies greatly depending on period of abstinence and degree of sustained arousal 3-4 ejaculatory contractions (0.8-sec intervals) then 2-4 slower contractions of anal sphincter
	Females (Phase 3)	Uterine, vaginal, and pelvic muscles all rhythmically contract Strong muscle contractions in outer 1/3 of vagina 1st contraction: 2-4 seconds Later contractions: 3-15 seconds Occurring at 0.8 second intervals Slight expansion of inner 2/3 of vagina
	How do males and female differ in their ability to achieve orgasm?	The gender gap in orgasm consistency. In their sexual interactions, men seem to reach orgasm more reliably than women. The data shown here, from Laumann et al. (1994), suggest that the gender gap in orgasmic consistency is pretty sizable. Both biological and sociocultural factors may contribute to this gender gap.
	4: Resolution Phase	Body returns to pre-excitement phase Muscles relax, blood pressure drops Males experience refractory period following ejaculation during which nerves can no longer respond to stimulation Females may experience refractory period or may return to Plateau Phase and experience multiple orgasms upon further stimulation Perceived tiredness due to endorphin release causing relaxation & drowsiness
	During M&J’s ______ stage the woman lubricates, the clitoris erects, nipples erect and vagina enlarges. The man’s penis becomes engorged with blood	excitement
	Using 3 categories what are some Treatments for Sexual Disorders?	Bibliotherapy Solo Exercises Couple’s Exercises
	Treatment of Sexual Disorders	Bibliotherapy educational material video education Solo Exercises relaxation Kegel exercise graduated dilators for Vaginismus Couple’s Exercises sensate focus
	What is the name of the technique described below? Both partners remove clothes One partner “gives” while the other “receives” (& gives feedback)	Sensate Focus
	Name the leading 3 sexual problems of Men and Women Men 1._______ 2._______ 3._______	Possible Answers: problems with arousal pain during intercourse low sexual desire premature ejaculation erectile dysfunction
	Name 2 medications to treat premature ejaculation.	Lignocaine, EMLA, SS-cream, Anesthetic spray
	Name 2 counseling techniques to treat premature ejacultation.	Start-stop Biofeedback Squeeze technique Masturbation Progressive sensate focus Coitus without thrusting
	Sexual dysfunction - a disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty ____?____ – (Primary) ____?____ –(Secondary) after period of normal functioning ____?____ –(Global) all situations ____?____ – specific situations	Lifelong – (Primary) Acquired –(Secondary) Generalized –(Global) Situational
	Categorization helps determine appropriate treatment strategies ____________ – one that always existed ____________ – one that develops after a period of adequate functioning ____________ – occurs during certain sexual activities or with certain partners _____________ – occurs in every situation	Primary – one that always existed Secondary – one that develops after a period of adequate functioning Situational – occurs during certain sexual activities or with certain partners Global – occurs in every situation
	Desire Libido Arousal Erection Orgasm Ejaculation	Subjective Objective Symptoms Desire Libido Erotic imagery -Willingness to have sex - Wishes & expectations - Genital sensations Initiation of sexual behavior Lack of sexual desire. How does libido fit in with relationship & life history. What are his expectations Arousal Erection Localized sensual skin and genital pleasures Penile erection Inability to get and/or maintain erection. Gradual or abrupt? Situational? Older men need more stimulation Orgasm Ejaculation Intense brief explosion of genital pleasure Pelvic contractions and Ejaculation/ Orgasm Premature- primary/ secondary Delayed or inhibited
	Name the four sexual dysfunctions	Ans. 1] Sexual desire disorders 2] Sexual arousal disorders 3] Orgasmic disorders 4] Sexual pain disorders
	Name the two sexual desire disorders	Ans. 1] Hypoactive sexual desire disorder. 2] Sexual aversion disorder
	Is it true that couples who both work full-time jobs have less frequent sex than when the wife only works part-time?	Read Article slide 41 B
	Name the two types of sexual arousal disorders	Ans. 1] Female sexual arousal disorder 2] Male erectile disorder
	Q. DSM criteria for premature ejaculation?	Ans. 1] Persistent or recurrent ejaculation before or soon after penetration. 2] Causes distress or interpersonal difficulties
	Premature ejaculationtreatments: Q. Name the three treatments.	Ans. Kegel exercises (improves over time). Serotonergic meds, e.g., clomipramine in small doses [25 – 50 mg] 3. Squeeze technique
	Name the two types of sexual pain disorder	1] Dyspareunia 2] Vaginismus
	DSM criteria for dyspareunia?	1Recurrent or persistent pain with sexual intercourse – both genders. 2.Distressing or causing interpersonal difficulties 3.Not part of another disorder, lack of lubrication, and so forth.
	What meds are used to reduce sex drive?	Most frequently used are: 1. depo-medroxyprogesterone [Provera] or 2. gonadotrophin-releasing blockers
	Name 6 causes and contributing factors in Sexual Dysfunctions	Psychological Factors Child sexual abuse Anxiety Fear Guilt Depression and low self-esteem Conflict concerning one’s sexual orientation
	____________: Recurrent or persistent genital pain associated with intercourse or attempts at sexual intercourse.	Dyspareunia:
	___________: Recurrent or persistent involuntary spasm of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with vaginal penetration.	Vaginismus:
	___?___ – produce eggs and sex hormones	Ovaries
	____?___ – moves eggs and normal site of fertilization	Oviducts
	____?___ – normal site of implantation and fetal development	Uterus –
	____?____ – opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth	Cervix
	____?____ – birth canal	Vagina
	The ovarian cycle: The ovary Contains many follicles each containing an immature egg	(oocyte)
	At birth a female has	300,000-400,000 follicles
	One ___?____ matures each cycle from puberty until menopause	follicle
	____?____ is the monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary when a follicle ruptures	Ovulation
	During the lifetime of a female only	400 follicles mature
	Anatomy of the ovary	Read Slide 69 B (Drawing)
	The ovarian cycle This is the formation and release of an immature egg 2 phases: ___?___ phase: FSH promotes the development of a follicle that secretes estrogen An estrogen spike leads to a surge in LH and ovulation around day 14 in the 28-day cycle	Follicular phase
	___?___ phase: LH promotes the develop of the corpus luteum that functions to secrete progesterone If pregnancy does not occur menstruation begins	Luteal phase:
	The uterine cycle: A 28-day cyclic event in the uterus: Days ___: low level of estrogen and progesterone causing the inner uterine lining (endometrium) to disintegrate and menstruation occurs	Days 1-5: (endometrium
	Days ___ (proliferative phase): increase in estrogen causing the endometrium to thicken	Days 6-13 (proliferative phase
	Day ___: ovulation usually occurs	Day 14:
	Days ___ (secretory phase): increase in progesterone causes endometrium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down	Days 15-28 (secretory phase):
	At what age does testosterone production begin to decline?	Graph 75 B
	Name this syndrome	Diagram 76 B
	Klinefelter’s syndrome	Diagram 77 B
	CHROMOSOME: Typical: XX (female) XY (male	Diagram 79 B
	___?____ syndrome: X0: Short, infertile, some deformity, high rate of thyroid disease About 1/3000 – 5000	Turner
	____?____: XXX, XXXX, XXXXX Tall, some learning disability, normal development About 1 / 1000	Super Female
	CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES: X (__________’s syndrome)	X (Turner syndrome)
	XXY (____________’s syndrome)	XXY (Klinefelter syndrome)
	What genetic disorder do the girls on the following 3 slides have?	slides 85 thru 88
	What would a person with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome look like?	Genetic XY man with androgen insensitivity syndrome Slide 90 B
	What would their genitalia look like?	Testicular feminization. Testes, no uterus or oviducts. Slide 90 B
	What would their sex chromosomes look like?	Target cells in these patients do not respond to androgen even though its produced in the testes Slide 90 B
	Money & Ehrhardt (1972): 1) _________ Gender	1) Chromosomal Gender
	2) _________ Gender	2) Gonadal Gender
	3) _________ Gender	3) Hormonal Gender
	4) _________ Gender 5) Assigned Gender	4) Morphological Gender
	Semen: 70% = ______________	Seminal vesicles
	30% = ______________	Prostate gland
	0.1% = Sperm 1 teaspoon 200-500 million sperm per ejaculation	0.1% = Sperm 1 teaspoon 200-500 million sperm per ejaculation
	How long does it take to mature sperm before it is ready to be ejaculated.	Slide 95 B
	Start with where the sperm are formed in the __________ , then matured in the ________, moves thru the _______ and ejaculated thru the ________ .	Slide 97 B
	Course of sperm" Testes ___?___ ___?___ Urethra	Epididymis Vas Deferens
	Ejaculation: orgasm Before puberty 2 phases Emission Fluid in ejaculatory duct Expulsion Semen expelled	Ejaculation: orgasm Before puberty 2 phases Emission Fluid in ejaculatory duct Expulsion Semen expelled
	How long does it take to mature sperm before it is ready to be ejaculated.	It takes 70 days to mature before sperm is ready to be ejaculated.
	Start with where the sperm are formed in the _______ , then matured in the __________, moves thru the ___________ and ejaculated thru the_____.	seminiferous tubules epididymis, vas deferens urethra
	Journey of the Sperm	Review slides 102B thru 110B
	What are the steps in the masculinization of the brain?	Read slide 111
	Sexual differentiation of the brain	Read Slide 112 thru 114
	Adam Principle	“Nature’s impulse is to create a female” “Default” development – no androgens  female body and brain (estrogens required at puberty)
	SEX (anatomy, chromosomes, hormones) male ------------------------- intersex ------------------------ female GENDER IDENTITY (Internal sense of gender) man ------------------- two spirit/third gender --------------- woman GENDER ROLE (communication of gender) masculine ------------------ androgynous -------------------- feminine SEXUAL ORIENTATION (romantic/erotic interest) attracted to women ----- bisexual/asexual ------ attracted to men	SEX (anatomy, chromosomes, hormones) male ------------------------- intersex ------------------------ female GENDER IDENTITY (Internal sense of gender) man ------------------- two spirit/third gender --------------- woman GENDER ROLE (communication of gender) masculine ------------------ androgynous -------------------- feminine SEXUAL ORIENTATION (romantic/erotic interest) attracted to women ----- bisexual/asexual ------ attracted to men
	Each immature ovum is surrounded by other cells within a thin capsule of tissue to form what is called a ___________ .	follicle
	Approaches Used in Sex Therapy : Sex Therapy Integration Move approach to sex therapy toward of integration of: B__________ factors	Biomedical
	C__________ functioning	Couple
	M__________ relationships	Marital
	Broader social context (culture, history, and religion)	Broader social context (culture, history, and religion)
	How much does each of the above contribute to the effectiveness of sex therapy?	The extra-therapeutic factor (40%) The relationship factor (30%) The placebo/hope/expectancy factor (15%) The structure/model/technique factor(15%)
	What is this describing ? Individuals who have made a gender identification that is discordant with their biological sex Consider themselves as women trapped in a male body or men trapped in a female body	Read Slides 124 thru 139
	Part C: Female Sex Organs ___________- Long flaps of skin on each side of the vaginal opening.	Labia Majora and Minora-
	____________-transports urine from the bladder to outside the body. The female _______ is independent from the female genitals.	Urethra Urethra
	___________- passage that leads to the internal reproductive organs and the birth canal.	Vagina
	Clitoris-Highly sensitive genital structure, plays an important role in sexual arousal.	Clitoris
	the upper part of the vagina, known as the neck of the uterus	Cervix
	muscular organ where the fertilized egg develops; the womb.	Uterus
	a pair of ducts that connect the uterus to the ovary.	Fallopian tube-
	one of two glands, that produce the ova (egg) and sex hormones. Also known as the female gonads	Ovary
	Female Sex Organs	DIagram 6 thru 8 Part C
	Two glands that secrete small amounts of alkaline fluid into ducts at the base of the labia minora are called __________	Bartholin’s glands.
	Some women report that stimulation of the _______ in the front wall of the vagina enhances sexual arousal. Some women ejaculate when they orgasm.	Grafenberg spot
	Explain anatomically why only 30 % of women routinely orgasm during coitus.	Penis does not easily rub against clitoris during intercourse. Often extra stimulation must be added to the clitoris. (Read Diagrams 15 thru 24 Part C)
	What happens in the menstrual cycle when pregnancy (no implantation of fertilized egg) does NOT occur?	Read diagram 25 & 26 Part C
	What is the difference between the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle?	Read diagram 28 & 29 Part C
	Define these menstrual cycle problems: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)	catchall term for a number of symptoms of physical discomfort and emotional irritability 2-12 days before menstruation PMDD (Premenstrual dysphoric disorder): Premenstrual symptoms severe enough to significantly affect a woman’s functioning
	Dysmenorrhea	pain or discomfort before or during menstruation - Can include cramping, backache, headache, nausea, fatigue
	Amenorrhea	absence of menstruation Can be caused by too little body fat (amenorrhea is common in training athletes, women with anorexia nervosa
	Hypermenorrhea	Abnormal Menstrual Bleeding Read diagram 32 Part C
	Why do women have more UTIs(UTIs = Urinary Tract Infections) than men?	Bacteria have only a short distance from vulva to bladder See Diagram 34 Part C
	What is the perineum?	Refers to the space betweeen teh external genitalia and teh anus. THis space is called the "perineum" Diagram 36 Part C
	To allow more room for the baby’s head to move thru the birth canal, an ________ is cut by cutting the_________	espisiotomy perineum
	Be able to identify location of reproductive organs	Diagrams 30 thru 46 Part C
	Male Sex Organs: __________-external male genital that becomes filled with blood during sexual excitement.	Penis
	___________-male gonads, the site of sperm production.	Testes
	___________-pouch that contains the testes.	Scrotum
	___________-surrounds the testes and transports sperm from the testes to the vas deferens.	Epididymis
	___________- tube that leads from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles.	Vas deferns-
	__________-provide secretions of nutrients to the semen.	Seminal vesicles-
	___________- surrounds the neck of the bladder and also produces fluid the nourish semen.	Prostate gland-
	___________ (bulbourethral gland)- during arousal these glands secrete fluid that appears at the top of the penis, this sometimes can contain sperm.	Cowper’s gland
	___________- tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder and semen from ejaculatory duct to outside the body.	Urethra- Slides 51 & 52 Part C
	Jake’s penis bends when erect. Because of fibrosis in his penis, Jake has _______ disease.	Peyronie’s Slide 55 Part C
	In men, painful intercourse can be caused by the foreskin of the penis being too tight, a condition called _________ .	phimosis Diagrams 58 thru 63
	Hormones: Female Sex Hormone ____________ Produced by the ovaries.	Estrogen
	Male Sex Hormone ________ and ________ Produced in the testes	Androgens and Testosterone
	Know the following 5 cases of law: In defiance of the ______ Act, Margaret _______ advocated for birth control for women.	Comstock Sanger Read slides 70 thru 75
	Megan's Law	7-year-old girl raped and killed by a known child molester who had moved across the street from her family without their knowledge. President Clinton signed Megan's Law in 1996. Requires each state to notify the public when sex offenders are residing in their area. All fifty states now have some form of sex registration laws.
	_______: the genetic distinction between male and female.	Sex
	_______: the societal construct that is associated with men (masculinity) and women (femininity).	Gender
	Define the term“Genderqueer	An individual whose gender identity exists outside of the gender binary Identifies as a gender other than "man" or "woman” Identifies as neither, both, or some combination thereof
	Define the term“Intersex”	An individual who is born with external/internal genitalia and/or secondary sex characteristics determined as neither exclusively male nor female
	At what time during their menstrual cycle are women more attracted to rugged males and when are they more attracted to feminine males?	Though Women prefer traditionally macho men at the time in their menstrual cycles when they are most fretile, at other times they are more attracted to those with feminine traits sucha s tenderness, considerateness & kindness, as wekk as those with feminised faces. The explanantion usually advanced for thisis that nmacho men will provide the sperm needed to make sexy sons, but the more feminised phenotype makes a better carer and provider- in other words an idela husband Slide 87 Part C
	Name 2 Common Sexual Health Problems (medical conditions) Affecting Women	Conditions affecting women: Vaginitis Endometriosis Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID
	Name 2 Common Sexual Health Problems (medical conditions) Affecting Men	Conditions affecting Men: Prostatitis Testicular cancer
	Name 2 Common Sexual Dysfunctions affecting Men and Women	Vaginismus Orgasmic dysfunction
	Name 2 Common Sexual Dysfunctions affecting Women	Premature ejaculation Retarded ejaculation Erectile dysfunction
	Define these Concepts ofSexual Orientation: Heterosexuality – _______________	sexual attraction to the opposite gender
	Homosexuality – _______________ “gay” refers to a male homosexual “lesbian” refers to a female homosexual	sexual attraction to the same gender
	Bisexuality – __________________	sexual attraction toward both genders
	Homophobia – __________________	hatred or fear towards homosexuals
	Define these Gender Identity Terms: Transsexualism – _________________	sexual variation in which a person rejects his or her biological sexuality
	Transvestitism – ___________________	atypical behavior in which a person derives sexual pleasure dressing in the opposite gender’s clothes
	True or False : Only homosexual men engage in anal intercourse.	False As many as one in every four married couples under age 35 have reported that they occasionally engage in anal intercourse.
	True or FalseDespite their awareness of AIDS, many college students do not practice safe sex	True In one recent study, more than a third of college students had engaged in vaginal or anal intercourse at least once in the previous year without using effective protection from conception or sexually transmitted diseases
	True or False:Impotence is always a sign of emotional or sexual problems in a relationship.	False-Many erection difficulties have physical causes.
	When Jim says that he wants the final exam to be valid, what does he mean?	The student’s score truly reflects his/her knowledge of human sexuality. Thus the final exam score would be a true measure of human sexuality knowledge known by a student.
	When Jim says there is a strong correlation between a student’s grade in PSY 145 and the number of hours the student studied, he is referring to what type of research?	Correlational research Slide 105&106 Part C
	Why is random sampling important in research?	Each person in the pool of subjects has an equal chance of being selected.Slide 108 thru 112 Part C
	How are the dependent variable and the independent variable related?	The treatment is the independent variable (fertilizer) and the resulting change is the dependent variable (weight of leaves).
	Only ________ research can demonstrate cause and effect among variables	experimental (RCT)
	Key of Science: Causation	Progress of scientific research: Case studies: Useful: set-up alternative hypothesis Shortcoming: cannot generalize Correlational studies: Useful: general trends and relationships in the whole population Shortcoming: cannot discriminate true causation from spurious correlation Controlled studies: Control, manipulate, and compare
	List 5 methods of research on sexuality- Expand on observational research to list 4 specific techniques	Arm’s length survey research Face-to-face survey research Case studies and clinical research Observational research Behavioral and physiological Naturalistic observation Ethnographic observation: Field research Participant observation Laboratory observation: Experimental research Correlational method Experimental method
	What are 4 challenges facing researchers of human sexuality?	The ethics of sex research: Sampling and reliability Privacy, invasion, and informed consent Participation: selection bias, Hawthorne effect Validity of invasive technologies, like plethysmography Rationale of formation of groups, eg. race Ideological use of research politics Caveats for evaluating sex research
	Trends in Contraceptive Use1982 2002Women using more contraceptions T or F	True
	Oral contraceptive pill used less often T or F	False
	Condoms more frequently used T or F	True
	Women less likely to be sterilized T or F	False
	Generally Americans less tolerantof premarital sex than previously T or F	False
	About 27 % of Americans believepremarital sex is always wrong T or F	True
	Almost half of Americans approve of premarital sex T or F	True
	Part D: A screening test PSA stands for ____________	Prostate-Specific Antigen
	90 % of men in their 70’s will have __________ or enlargement of the prostate gland.	benign prostatic hyperplasia
	How is a Pap test performed? What is the goal of this procedure?	The vagina is opened by the speculum to allow a cervical swab to take a few cervical cells for examination by a microscope.
	The primary cause of cervical cancer is a STI, __________ , which causes genital warts.	Human Papilloma Virus
	What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?	Slide 14 Part D
	How is cervical cancer treated?	-Depends on acccurate clinical Staging -Excisional biopsy,cryosurgery,laser destruction,conizationor rarely hysterectomy, for preinvasive lesions -Radical hysterectomy &radiation therapy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma _rarely, pelvic exenteration, for recurrent cervical cancwer (Slide 16 PartD)
	What is an ectopic pregnancy?	Ovum is fertilized and attaches (usually) to fallopian tubes instead of the uterus.
	Which 2 hormones stimulate the release of an ovum (as well as estrogen and progesterone)?	Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone
	What structures secretes these hormones?	Slide 24 thru 26 Part D
	Estrogen	This is the “queen hormone” in control and a friend of dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine (the feel good neurotransmitters).
	Progesterone	This hormone is in the background but a powerful “sister” to estrogen; produces allopregnenolone (the brain’s Valium or chill pill)
	Oxytocin	This hormone affects the brain to foster nurturing (like the good witch Glinda in The Wizard of Oz) finds pleasure in serving; “sister” to vasopressin (the male socializing hormone).
	Vasopressin	This is a subtle aggressive male energy hormone; “brother” to testosterone and oxytocin (makes one want to connect in an active male way, as does oxytocin).
	What are the differences in the levels of oxytocin in Prarie Vols and Montane Vols?	Oxytocin Released during life experiences that involved intense emotional attachment: childbirth, breastfeeding, sexual climax. Estrogen enhances the effects. Prairie Vol – monogamous rodent. Only 5% of mammals are monogamous. When injected into the brains of Vols, they formed even more tenacious bonds. When inhibited = indiscriminant mating.
	What are the differences in the levels of oxytocin in Prarie Vols and Montane Vols?	Oxytocin Montane Vols are not monogamous. Difference is oxytocin receptors do not overlap with dopamine receptors (e.g., attachment isn’t necessarily pleasurable). Human oxytocin receptors are located in dopamine rich receptors of the brain. FMRI scans are similar when 1) romantic gaze, 2) mothers listening to infant cries, 3) cocaine. Higher oxytocin alters/reduces stress response. Bad news rolls off more easily.
	Female Reproductive Hormones	Slides 39 thru 42 Part D
	Sex Determination: The mature ovum carries ___ autosomes and ___ X chromosome, while the mature sperm carries ___ autosomes and either an ___ or ___ chromosome.	22 One 22 X or Y
	* If the fertilizing sperm is carrying X chromosome the baby will be a ______ (46 XX), if it is carrying Y chromosome the baby will be a ______ (46 XY).	female male
	True or FalseMen and women have completely different sex hormones.	False-Men and women have the same hormones (estrogen and testosterone), but in different amounts.
	What About Gender Differences?	Slides 49 thru 58 Part D
	Developmental Differences: MALES/FEMALES? In general, the _______ brain matures more quickly e.g. myelination is completed earlier	female
	______ take in more sensory data than ______	Girls than boys
	_______ can acquire more complex language skills as much as a year earlier than ______  often read faster and with larger vocabulary; often speak with better grammar	Girls than boys
	______ tend to have better verbal abilities  rely on verbal communication; boys tend to rely on non-verbals	Girls
	______ tend to develop better spatial abilities more at home with Mathematics and Science, Geography and map reading	Boys
	______ are more likely to show natural aggression	Boys
	The female Brain:	Slides 63 thru 65 Part D
	According to Dr Brizendine’s research, name at least 5 ways in which the female and male brain are different:	Slide 67 Part D
	Who more likely remember fights?	Women
	Who has the most sex thoughts?	Men
	Who speaks the most words per day?	Women
	Who is more like to initiate divorce?	Women
	Who is more likely to know what others are feeling?	Women
	Gender Differences: Cognitive abilities ______ score higher on verbal skills.	Women
	____ score higher on math and visuospatial skills.	Men
	Aggression _____ exhibit greater physical aggressiveness	Men
	_____ supposedly higher on relational aggression, but no clear differences.	Women
	It is more important for ____to be attractive than men Popularity, dating prospects, & marriage opportunities	Women Graph slide 70 Part D
	Physical Attractiveness: But why does P.A. have these effects?	immediately
	Physical Attractiveness: But why does P.A. have these effects?	Immediacy Prestige
	Immediacy	First impressions really are strong, and whether someone is attractive is known
	Prestige	Sigall and Landy (1973) study Female & Male confederates Girlfriend or not, pretty or not M.C. rated as more likeable, friendly, confident when girl is girlfriend and pretty
	Biology of Attractiveness	Part of being beautiful is being healthy, & markers of health Cross-Cultural Agreement on What is Attractive Beauty same in eyes of different beholders (r=.93) Symmetry What is Attractive Changes Over Time Fashions of day
	What Do Women Find Attractive?	Some important conclusions from research on physical attractiveness and attraction: Though there are some features that are nearly universally-regarded as attractive, there is considerable variability in what individuals find attractive You might have a ‘type’ you find attractive Other idiosyncratic somethings you find off-putting or intriguing
	Do Women & Men have Different Priorities? Sex Differences in Mate Preferences and Perceived Attractiveness	Men seem to want beauty (and lots of mates) Women seem to want resources & fewer mates
	Taste in women body ratio changes	Slides 75 thru 79 Part D
	What is the magic ratio?Males prefer females w/ a waist-to-hip ratio of __?__ This is very unattractive in men	Males prefer females w/ a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7 The magic ratio 7:10
	How is it possible for a woman to become pregnant if she has sex a week before she ovulates?	Sperm can live inside a woman’s body for 7 days. So, a woman can get pregnant if she has sex 7 days before she ovulates.
	Once an egg is released from the follicle, it must be fertilized within _____ hours	24
	When the placenta blocks the cervical opening, this is called ___________ .	placenta previa
	Pregnancy test kits measure the amount of ____________, a hormone that the placenta produces.	human chorionic gonadotropin
	What happens during the first trimester of pregnancy?	implantation - hCG levels rise prolongation of Estrogen, Progest. from C.L. morning sickness (23%) chorionic villi sampling (CVS) wks 11-12 placental formation - Estrogen, Progest. switch miscarriage 2/3 of conceptions; 1/7 aware 58% wk 1-2 genetically nonviable zygote 41% wk 3-13 hormone insufficiency
	How does the prevalence of Down Syndrome change with the maternal age of the pregnant woman?	Slide No. 97 Part D
	Name 2 procedures performed during pregnancy to detect chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome.	-Ultrasound probe -Withdrawal of amniotic Fluid Slide 99 PArt D
	What happens during the second trimester of pregnancy?	placental hormones maintain the pregnancy hCG, morning sickness wanes amniocentesis, ultrasound quickening - tentative pregnancy
	What happens during the third trimester of pregnancy?	marked weight gain 21-29 lbs., most should be gained late in pregnancy dramatic increase in uterus, fetus 50-60 times original size, fetal gain late in pregnancy edema, BP, toxemia, preeclampsia forced bed rest, seizure, death of mother
	Stages of Childbirth There are ___ stages of childbirth	3 Slide 110 Part D
	First stage:	lasts from initial dilatation of the cervix to full dilatation
	Second stage:	begins at full dilatation of the cervix and ends when the baby is born
	Third stage	lasts from the birth of the baby until the placenta is expelled
	Describe what happens during the during Labor and Delivery.	Delivery - the process onset - trigger from fetus vaginal delivery: 24 hours -3 stages 1st - dilation: oxytocin, pitocin, sexual stimulation 2nd - the baby: episiotomy, forceps 3rd - placenta
	How do American C-section rates compare with other western countries?	C-section: major abdominal surgery emergency vs. scheduled US: 28%; Europe 8%
	How many C-sections are elected by the pregnant women?	1 in 4 C-sections elected by the pregnant woman (not medically warranted)
	What are the Psychological Developmental Tasks of Pregnancy during the first, second, and third trimester?	Trimester 1 I’m pregnant! 2 There’s a BABY….. 3 I’m going to be a MOM
	What are 6 Developmental Tasks of Pregnancy for the Mother?	acceptance of pregnancy identification with motherhood role relationship to the mother relationship to the husband/partner preparation for labor processing fear of loss of control & loss of self esteem in labor
	Describe what happens to a pregnant woman’s hormones during pregnancy and how do they help to prepare for labor and delivery.	Slide 120 Part D
	The pituitary hormone that causes production of milk is___________	prolactin
	The gland at the base of the brain that releases hormones important for reproduction is the __________ gland.	pituitary
	Part E: Why is Sex Ed important? Most high schools students have had sex: __ % of high school students have had sex, 20% of students have engaged in sexual intercourse with 4 or more partners during their life time	> 50 %
	Why is Sex Ed important	And though most sex ed classes are very brief (often lasting only one or two classroom periods), young teens, ages 13-17, rank their sex education class as second only to their parents as an information source, and above such other sources as peers and the media
	After several decades of a declining birth rate among teenagers, when did this birth rate begin to rise again?	Graph Slide 8 Part E
	What is the controversy over the current abstinence only sex education programs?	School based sex ed programs are generally of two types: abstinence-only programs that emphasize sexual abstinence as the most appropriate choice for young people; and sexuality and STD/HIV education programs that also cover abstinence but, in addition, include condoms and other methods of contraception to provide protection against STDs or pregnancy
	What’s the controversy?	Our government has traditionally funded comprehensive sex education programs But increasingly abstinence- only education has gained strength. In 1996, the Welfare Reform Bill (i.e. TANF) provided $250 million in federal funds to states over a 5- year period to support abstinence- only programs In 2003, the Bush Administration funded abstinence-only ed at $135 million/year .
	Many conservative groups believe that sex education programs promote sexual activity.	Abstinence only sex education programs have failed to decrease unhealthy sex practices more STIs.
	What Sex Ed Works?	There is a vast amount of data that indicates that teaching comprehensive sex education alters the behavior of adolescents: increasing condom and contraception use of already sexually active adolescents.
	When parents are asked if their - middle school child is sexually active, ___ % say yes	8%
	- high school adolescent is sexually active, ___ % say yes	11%
	Compare to the UK, France, Sweden, and Canada, does the US have a greater or lower teen birthrates?	Yes, US have greater teen bithrates (Graph slide 19 )
	In California 37 out of every 100 teenage girls (15-19) become mothers, in Merced County (29, 41, 51, 78) _____ teenage girls out of every 100 become mothers	51
	Of the 3 million unintended pregnancies, how many  Abortions  Miscarriages  Births	 Abortions(47 %) Miscarriages (13 %)  Births (40 %)
	Name this medical procedure Slide 30 Part E	Vacuum Aspiration Abortion
	Name this abortion method- May be used in the second trimester (13 to 26 weeks)	Dilation & Evacuation (D & E) After sedation and local anesthetic, the cervix is dilated to allow vacuum tube to be inserted and to remove the fetus. A curved scalpel called a currette is used to scrape the lining of the uterus
	What did research by Simon LeVay suggest about the contribution of biology to homosexuality?	LeVay’s research provides a biological correlate due to brain differences for homosexuality.Cite genetic research and prenatal hormone research that supports a biological correlate for homosexuality.
	What 3 areas are influenced by prenatal hormones?	Internal genitalia External genitalia Brain structures (Slide 40 Part E)
	In general, as young teenagers the sex drives of males and females are similar, but by their 20’s males have a higher sex drive than females until about age _____ when their sex drives tend to match once again	45 See graph Slide 42 Part E
	What STI could cause these complications in women? hlamydia- possible complications for women Gonorrhea- possible complications for women	Slide 43 and 44 Part E
	Four sexually transmitted diseases that can be passed from an infected pregnant woman to the fetus are ______, ________, ________, & ______ .	HIV, hepatitis, herpes, & syphilis
	Ultimately,what controls the endocrine system? Higher _______ Areas ____________ ___________ Endocrine Glands	Higher Brain Areas Hypothalamus Pituitary Endocrine Glands
	Feedback Mechanisms	Slides 49 & 50 Part E
	TYPES OF HORMONES IN HUMAN SEXUALITY GnRH (______?_____)	(Hypothalamus)
	Gonadotropins (____?____) FSH LH	Pituitary)
	Sex Hormones (Ovary or Testes) ___?___ ___?___ ___?___	Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone
	HORMONES REGULATE HORMONES _____?____	GnRH Slide 55 & 56 Part E
	__HORMONES REGULATE HORMONES _____?__	FSH Slide 55 & 56 Part E
	Is the Prevalence of Sexual Problems higher in Men or Women in the following conditions? Low desire Lack of arousal Lack of orgasm Rapid orgasm Pain during sex	women women women men women
	Sexual _______ is a person’s sexual self-view, made up of gender identity, sexual orientation, and specific sexual preferences.	identity
	When a man becomes sexually aroused, a few drops of a clear fluid produced by the ________ appears at the tip of the penis	Cowper’s gland
	True or False ?Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is primarily a psychological problem.	False-PMS has been recognized as a very real physiological disorder that may be caused by hormonal deficiency, abnormal levels of thyroid hormone, changes in brain chemicals, or social and environmental factors, such as stress.
	Which is more severe PMS or PMDD ?	PMDD is in DSM-IV
	Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)	Symptoms must occur during the last week of the luteal phase in most menstrual cycles They should resolve within a few days after the period starts 5 or more of the following symptoms must be present:
	PMDD (cont)	Trouble concentrating Fatigue or low energy Food cravings or binging Sleep disturbances Feeling out of control Physical symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness, headache, and joint or muscle pain
	Psychological Explanations of Love Describe Sternberg’s (1986) triangular theory Love consists of three components _____________ _____________ _____________	Intimacy Passion Commitment Slide 74 Part E
	About ____ (1/10, ¼, 1/3, ½) of murdered American women are killed by their male partners	1/3
	What is Gottman’s 5:1 ratio?	Marriages are stable as long as positive events outnumber negative events 5:1
	Gottman’s 4 warning signs:____________________________________________________________	CriticismContemptDefensivenessStonewalling
	Why are women more vulnerable to developing STIs?	Men are more likely to infect women with STIs than women are to infect men with STIs. Which is the only exception to the above statement? This STI is equally likely to be transmitted from men or women.
	Classification of female sexual dysfunction:	Read slides 85 and 86 Part E
	The DSM-IV TR classifiesSexual Disorder in 6 GroupsName 3 of these classifications on the next slide	Read chats 88 & 89 Part E
	Name the phases of the Sexual Response Cycle	Read chart 91 Part E Desire phase Arousal phase Plateau phase Orgasm Phase Resolution phase
	Name the 4 Sexual Dysfunctions by Phase of the Sexual Response Cycle	Sexual desire Sexual Arousal Orgasm Sexual pain Disorders
	Sexual Dysfunctions by Phase of the Sexual Response Cycle	Read chart 94 thru 96 Part E
	Name Treatments for Low Libido	Testosterone deficiency leads to low Libido (see chart 98 Part E)
	If a man is experiencing an erectile dysfunction, how would you distinguish between an organic cause and a psychogenic cause?	ED Organic vs. Psychogenic
	ED Organic vs. Psychogenic	Organic (85%) Gradual onset Incrementally progressive Absence of AM erection
	Psychogenic	Psychogenic (15%) Sudden onset Complete immediate loss AM erections present Varies with partner Varies with circumstances
	Name 1st therapies for Erectile Dysfunction (	First-Line Therapy: Lifestyle/drug therapy modification Psychosocial counseling Androgen replacement therapy (erections?) Oral therapy
	Name 2nd, therapies for Erectile Dysfunction	Second-Line Therapy: Vacuum constriction device Intracavernosal injection Transurethral therapy
	Name 3rd therapies for Erectile Dysfunction	Third-Line Therapy Penile Prosthesis Revascularizationtherapy (erections?) Oral therapy
	The Masters and Johnson EPOR model has been criticized because it does not fit well with the actual female sexual response.What model is considered an improvement on the EPOR model?	Circular Model of Female Sexual Response See slide 107 Part E
	_______ exercises are designed to strengthen the pubococcygeus muscle that surrounds the bladder and the vagina.	Kegel
	As contraceptives, what do the withdrawal method and douching have in common?	Unreliable
	What is the brand name of this contraceptive method? slide 114 E	The contraceptive patch contains hormones (E and P) similar to those in birth control pills. You must change your patch once a week for three consecutive weeks. You do not need to apply a patch during the fourth week.
	contraceptive patch Typical failure rate = ___%	1.3%
	Name 4 barrier methods of contraception for women	DiaphragmCervical capLea’s ShieldSpongesSpermicidesFemale condom
	Characteristics of Different Types of Hormonal Contraceptives	See table slide 122E
	Name 3 methods of hormonal contraception that uses just progesterone	-emergency contraception progesterone only "levonelle" copper IUCD -reversible contraception -permanent contraceptions vasectomy female sterilisation
	______ is a pill that chemically induces an abortion by blocking progesterone.	RU 486
	The __________ is a flexible ring containing estrogen and progestin, which is inserted into the vagina and is an effective contraceptive for 3 weeks.	NuvaRing
	Depo-Provera is a synthetic hormone that is injected into the buttock or arm every ____ months. The hormone keeps the ovaries from releasing eggs. It also thickens the cervical mucus. This keeps sperm from joining with an egg.	3 months Typical failure rate = 0.3%
	The Condom	barrier method added protection if used with spermicide reccomended model - latex with reservoir tip use water-based lubricants only
	The Condom Typical failure rate =___% Perfect use Failure rate = __ %	=12% = 3 %
	________ and _______ are soft rubber barriers that are intended to fit securely over the cervix. Both are used with a spermicide cream or jelly. Each blocks the entrance to the uterus, and the jelly or cream immobilizes sperm, preventing it from joining the egg.	The Diaphragm & Cervical Cap
	The Diaphragm & Cervical Cap Typical failure rate =	18-36 %
	FemaleCondom Typical failure rate =	21%
	Foam, Jelly, Film, Suppository contain ___________ barrier method must be reapplied for each subsequent intercourse	spermicide
	Foam, Jelly, Film, Suppository Typical failure rate =	21%
	_______Method trying to predict peak fertility times & avoiding intercourse during those times	Fertility Awareness
	three methods of prediction: basal body temperature method cervical mucus method ___________________	calendar or "rhythm" method
	Fertility Awareness Typical failure rate = ___	20%
	A woman’s temperature (rises slightly/lowers slightly) 24 to 72 hours after ovulation	rises slightly
	Which of the following age groups of women are LEAST likely to use contraception during sex? 15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44	15 to 19
	What are 3 cases for improving contraception access?	Morbidity/ mortality of pregnancy & childbirth much higher than that of contraception Use of effective contraception could cut unintended pregnancy rate in half Increasing availability of contraceptive services for young people is associated with reduced pregnancy rates
	Emergency Contraception: Post-Coital Contraceptives morning after pill (e.g.,______) - Emergency contraception (EC) consists of the same hormones found in ordinary birth control pills. within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, and cramping 20 % become pregnant	Plan B
	What is the brand name and the generic name of emergency contraception?	Levonorgestrel (Plan B)
	How does the emergency contraception work?	DOES NOT DISRUPT AN IMPLANTED PREGNANCY Inhibits ovulation Traps sperm in thickened cervical mucus Inhibits tubal transport of egg or sperm May interfere with fertilization or early cell division
	What does RU 486 contain?	Mifepristone is an anti-progesterone
	How is RU 486 administered?	a 600 mg dose of mifepristone is administered by a clinician. Two days later, a clinician administers 400 mg of another drug, misoprostol, to induce contractions.
	How effective is RU 486 in preventing pregnancy?	This method terminates pregnancy in about 92% of cases.
	How does the Contraceptive Patch (Evra) work?	Works by use of hormones (E and P)
	How does Depot Progestin Injections (DepoProvera) work?	Lowest estrogen dose: 15 mcg
	How does the Progestin IUD – (Mirena) work?	Very low systemic levels levonorgestrel (progesterone)
	Which pathogen causes cold sores?	HPV-1
	Name this STI	Chlamydia (Slide 169E)
	Name this STI	Gonorrhea (Slide 171E)
	Name this STI	Herpes (Slide 173E)
	Name this STI	Genital warts (Slide 175E)
	Name this condition	Scabies (Slide 177E)
	What is the brand name of the HPV vaccine produced by Merck?	Gardasil
	How does going to college increase one’s chances of contracting a STI?	While 25 % of teens contract a STI, 50 % of college students contract a STI
	Name this condition- One in ten women who visit wheir health-care provider complain about vaginal discharge Over 90% of vaginitis is classified as: 1. Trichomoniasis - caused by 1 celled protozoa 2. Bacterial vaginosis 3. Candidiasis - yeast , fungus infection, monila usually not sexually transmitted	VAGINITIS
	Name this condition: One celled parasite Found in both men and women Remains dormant in asymptomatic women Causes vaginal irritation, itching, and diffuse malodorous discharge in symptomatic women Women may see red spots on the vaginal walls Most men are a symptomatic Both partners must be treated with antibiotics	TRICHOMONIASIS
	Name this condition: ?Not a sexually transmitted disease Symptoms include itching, discharge, burning, or irritation Pregnant women commonly experience these infections Factors most often associated with repeat infections: diabetes, obesity, suppressed immunity, antibiotics, corticosteroids, or birth control pills	CANDIDIASIS
	Name this condition: Discharge is white and ordorus Associated with: 1. Cervicitis 2. PID 3. Postpartum endometritis 4. Premature labor 5. Recurring urinary tract infections Treatment: oral, cream or gel application of Flagyl male treated if infection recurs	BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
	Ectoparasitic Infections: ____?_____: transmitted through sexual contact or infected linen/clothing	Pubic Lice
	Ectoparasitic Infections: ___?___: transmitted though close physical or sexual contact or from infected linen or clothing	Scabies
	What disease is illustrated? Slide 202 E	Jaundice is a symptom of hepatitis
	Name this STI SYMPTOMS: May have burning and frequent urination, milky or yellow discharge, itching or tingling in urethra or vagina. OFTEN NO SYMPTOMS. INCUBATION: 7-21 days (symptoms can come and go) COMPLICATIONS: Can lead to infertility, damage to internal reproductive organs, chronic pelvic pain. Can cause blindness or eye damage if eye become infected. TRANSMISSION: Contact with infected body fluids – semen, vaginal secretions. TREATMENT: Treated with antibiotics CURE: YES	CHLAMYDIA
	Name this STI SYMPTOMS: Often burning and frequent urination, milky or yellow discharge, itching or tingling in urethra or vagina. Sometimes no symptoms. INCUBATION: 2-21 days (symptoms can come and go) COMPLICATIONS: Can lead to infertility, damage to internal reproductive organs, chronic pelvic pain. Can lead to heart trouble, skin disease, arthritis. TRANSMISSION: Contact with infected body fluids – semen, vaginal secretions. TREATMENT: Treated with antibiotics CURE: YES	Gonorrhea
	Name this STI SYMPTOMS: Jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, abdominal pain, nausea, loss of apetite. 80% have no symptoms. INCUBATION: About 1 in 6 people can clear the infection on their own. Others become chronic. About half will have serious liver problems. About 1 in 5 will develop cirrhosis in about 10-30 years from infection. COMPLICATIONS: can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Many people with this also have HIV.	Hepatitis C (HCV)
	How is Hepatitis C transmitted?	TRANSMISSION: Direct contact with infected body fluids – blood, semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk
	How is Hepatitis C treated?	TREATMENT: Ribavirin and/or pegylated interferon (immune booster). These can have very serious and uncomfortable side-effects.
	Is there a cure for Hep C?	CURE: There is no cure.
	Name this STI SYMPTOMS: Small, fleshy, raised bumps located on genitals, scrotum, thighs, mouth, cervix. There can be NO visible symptoms. INCUBATION: Bumps take 1-8 mos to appear. COMPLICATIONS: Can lead to cancer. TRANSMISSION: Skin to skin contact with infected person; direct touch with infected area TREATMENT: Can be removed, but they are recurrent and require repeated treatment as they come back. CURE: There is no cure.	Genital Warts (Human Papilloma Virus)
	Name this STI SYMPTOMS: Small, painful blisters. Often NO visible symptoms. INCUBATION: Blisters visible in 1-30 days. COMPLICATIONS: This STI is recurring. Can be associated with meningitis. TRANSMISSION: Skin to skin contact with infected person; direct touch with infected area TREATMENT: Outbreaks can be controlled with anti-viral medications. CURE: There is no cure.	HERPES
	HIV stands for H_____ I________ V_______	Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
	Nearly _____ million people worldwide are infected with HIV.	50
	Close to _____ million people in US have HIV.	one
	Three things required for HIV transmission: An infected person Contact with infected body fluid (Name 4 Fluids) __________ __________ __________ __________	Blood Semen Vaginal Secretion Breast Milk
	A portal of entry (a place where this body fluid enters the bloodstream). Insertion into blood stream through vein or other delicate tissues of the body: (Name 4 ports of entry) ________ ________ ________ ________	Anus Vagina Mouth Head of penis
	What does PID stand for?	Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
	Name 3 facts about PID.	Only occurs in females Usually due to untreated vaginal chlamydia and gonorrhea infections 1 out of every 3 women with untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea infections will develop pelvic inflammatory disease 40-80% of women with PID do not have any symptoms
	List 3 consequences of PID.	10-50% of cases of PID lead to infertility in affected women Most cases of PID that lead to infertility are asymptomatic Ectopic pregnancy Leads to the death of the fetus May be life threatening for the mother Women with PID are 10 times more likely to experience an ectopic pregnancy than women with no history of PID
	(Gononrrhea/ chlamydia/ syphilis/ herpes/ HPV/ HIV/ trichomoniasis) – for which of these STIs do women usually NOT have visible symptoms in the initial stage?	Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis HPV, HIV
	________ is the most frequently reported infectious disease in the United States. An estimated 800,000 new cases occur annually.	Chlamydia (Slide 228E)
	What are the common symptoms of Chlamydia in Men?	pain or burning during urination * frequent urination * pain and swelling in the testicles * low-grade fever burning and itching around the opening of the penis watery or milky discharge from the penis
	What are the common symptoms of Chlamydia in Women?	irregular vaginal bleeding * burning with urination * itching and burning in the genital area * vaginal discharge * lower abdominal pain often accompanied by nausea and fever
	Name this STI	Gonorrhea Discharge (Slide 236E)
	What is the nameof this condition ?	Scabies (Slide 238E)
	How are scabies Treated?	CDC Recommended Regimen - Permethrin cream (5%) applied to all areas of the body from the neck down and washed off after 8-14 hours Transmission - Scabies among adults may be sexually transmitted, although scabies among children is usually not sexually transmitted
	Name this STI caused by (slide 241E)	Trichomoniasis
	How is Trichomoniasistreated ?	Sexual transmission is possible even when no symptoms are present. Metronidazole is the drug used to treat trichomoniasis. It is administered in a single dose.
	Name this STI caused by a bacteria. (slide 245E)	Gonorrhea is caused by the gonococcus, a bacterium that grows and multiplies quickly in moist, warm areas of the body such as the cervix, urethra, mouth, or rectum.
	Name 4 ways that Gonorrhea is transmitted in humans	genital-to-genital contact genital-to-oral contact genital-to-anal contact spread from vagina to rectum
	Why is Chlamydia and Gonorrhea a special threat to women?	Both Gonorrhea & Chlamydia can cause future fertility problems in women
	What are the top 3 most common STIs?	Human Papilloma Virus 5,500,000 Trichomoniasis 5,000,000 Chlamydia 3,000,000
	Which STI bacterial infection causes urethritis, dysuria, and purelent discharge from the vagina or penis? Babies born to women with this infection may have an eye infection.	Gonorrhea
	This serious STI causes lesions on the penis or vulva. The bacteria circulates through the nervous and circulatory system causing secondary infections.	Chancrois
	This STI is the most common in the U.S. This bacterial infection causes abnormal vaginal and urethral discharge in women and eye disease and pneumonia in infants born to infected women.	Chlamydia
	This virus causes genital blisters, but a similar virus only causes cold sores or fever blisters.	Gential Herpes
	This STI is caused by sexual contact  skin-colored growths (single or in clusters)	Genital Warts
	Where do Herpes break out?	HSV-1 - Cold sores HSV-2- Genital Lesions Slide 16F
	Genital Herpes (HSV)	Transmission: skin to skin Symptoms: Prodrome--tingling in legs, buttocks or groin Lesion--itching, blister at infection site;Recurrences vary in frequency and severity Time to onset: 2-20 days Pregnancy: 5% transmission when lesions present Diagnosis: culture, antibody test Treatment: symptom relief; antivirals effective
	The STI __________ is caused by the Tremonema pallidum bacteria. If untreated, this disease goes through several stages.	syphilis
	Which STI ? Symptoms may show up 2-21 days Discharge or white drip, bleeding, burning during urination No treatment, could lead to damage of reproductive organs, cause heart trouble, skin disease	Gonorrhea
	Which STI ? Shows up in 7-28 days Most commonly reported STI Discharge or white drip, bleeding, burning during urination No treatment, could lead to damage of reproductive organs, cause heart trouble, skin disease	Chlamydia
	Which STI ? May occur within 3 weeks to 3 months Most common STI among college students Contracted through skin-to-skin contact and sex Can be temporarily removed by topical creams and acid treatment or disappear	Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
	A woman who has had the STI __________ is at risk for getting cancer of the cervix.	papillomavirus infection
	A viral liver infection that can be sexually transmitted is _______________ .	hepatitis
	Two serious consequences of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease are ____________ and ___________ .	ectopic pregnancy and infertility.
	The majority of sex attributed burden in the US is among men or women?	Women
	Curable infections and tehri sequelae remain the leading contributions to sexual behaviour related burden among US men or women?	Women
	_________________: People who have surgery to “change sex”	Transsexuals
	_________________ Dysphoria discomfort with assigned gender.	Gender Dysphoria
	_________________ living in “opposite” gender-role without surgery	Transgender (definitions vary)
	On Bem’s Sex-Role Inventory, a person who scores low on both dimensions (masculine and feminine) is called ____________ .	undifferentiated .
	_________ cross-dress for sexual arousal and gratification,	Transvestites
	whereas _________ cross-dress because they believe that they are members of the opposite sex.	transsexuals
	Name 4 types of Sexual Orientation according to Storm’s model	Heterosexuality Bisexuality Asexuality Homosexuality
	One dimension, or two? Terman & Miles: one dimension Feminine Masculine	one dimension
	Sandra Bem: two dimensions Femininity Low High Masculinity Low High	two dimensions
	___?___ = high in both femininity & masculinity	Androgyny
	Freud’s ____?____ Theory Identification with same-sex parent	Psychoanalytic
	____?____ Theory Imitation & operant conditioning	Learning
	Gender ____?____ Theory We categorize information into M/F schemas, and schemas guide our behaviors and expectations	Schema
	____?_____ Theory Differing M/F roles serve adaptive functions in mating and survival of the species (male assertiveness; female attractiveness?)	Evolutionary
	Women or Men ? think about sex more (every day: M = 70%, W = 33%) emphasize physical aspects of sex more permissive of casual sex visual cues more important arousal is more immediate	Men:
	Women or Men ? emphasize romance and relationship less permissive of casual sex touch and emotional cues more important arousal is more gradual	Women:
	____?____ Prenatal exposure to synthetic estrogen linked to lesbianism Prenatal androgen exposure linked to sexual orientation (high: masculinity; low: femininity)	Hormones
	____?____ structure Differences in brain structure (e.g., hypothalamus) have been reported, but we don’t know if they are the “cause” or the “effect” of sexual orientation (purely correlational)	Brain
	____?_____ Concordance rates for homosexuality are higher for identical than for fraternal twins. Heritability estimated at .50.	Genetics
	____?____ Most homosexuals report “feeling different” at a very young age “Heterosexual Assumption” is not valid: most homosexuals were attracted first to same sex, and they did not “convert” to homosexuality only after having failed or unsatisfying heterosexual relationships.	Childhood
	Until ____, the American Psychiatric Association listed “homosexuality” as a mental disorder.	1973
	Since ____, homosexuality is not considered as disorder.	1973
	________________(dissatisfaction with your sex or sexual orientation) is listed and treated.	Gender Identity Disorder
	What are the out-of-pocket expenses for a complete MTF sex reassignment surgery?	$30,456
	____________ is a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.	Intersex”
	____________ people may later grow up to have gender identities that are the opposite of the manufactured sex constructed for them at birth and have feelings similar to transgender individuals.	Intersex
	About ___million Americans suffer from compulsive sexual behaviour	16 million
	A third are women ; about ___% of all sex addicts were abused in childhood	60%
	What is a Paraphilia as defined by the DSM ?	For people with paraphilias, the paraphilic behavior is predominant in their life Distinction between sexual variation and paraphilia is sometimes a difference of degree, not kind Majority of diagnosis involve males
	What paraphilia is illustrated by the cartoon on the next slide? Slide 67F	This paraphilia is frotteurism
	Name this paraphilia Slide 69F	Exhibitionism
	Are satyriasis and nymphomania in the DSM ?	Historical judgmental term: Satyriasis & Nymphomaniacs but not in DSM
	What are Noncoercive Paraphilias?	An important aspect of paraphilias is whether they involve coercion Noncoercive paraphilias regarded as victimless and relatively benign Noncoercive paraphilias are consensual
	Are paraphilias the same as consensual variations or noncoercive paraphilias?	Paraphilia is not the same as consensual variation
	Are Bondage and Domination a paraphilia if consensual?	Consensual sexual role-playing in which one person dominates and the other submits Also known as sadomasochism (S&M) A form of fantasy sex carefully controlled by shared and elaborate scripts Power is central element Not considered paraphilic as consensual Most widely known form is bondage and discipline (B&D)
	______: sexual attraction to an object which is required or preferred for sexual arousal	Fetishism
	______: exclusive attraction to particular body parts	Partialism
	Transvestism is most closely related to __________ .	fetishism
	Is transvestism a coercive paraphilia?	Wearing of clothing associated with other gender for sexual arousal Different from transsexualism
	_________: animals are preferred sexual outlet even when other outlets are available	Zoophilia:
	_________: nonconsensual observation of others for the purpose of sexual arousal Video voyeurism	Voyeurism:
	_________: exposure of genitals to a nonconsenting stranger	Exhibitionism:
	_________: non-consensual telephoning of strangers; often involves obscene language	Telephone scatalogia:
	_________: touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person for the purpose of sexual arousal	Frotteurism:
	_________: sexual contact with a corpse	Necrophilia
	A man who repeatedly prefers children 13 years old or younger for achieving sexual excitement is called a ______________ .	pedophile
	In the DSM-IV, _________ is characterized by a desire to be the other sex.	gender identity disorder
	How is Pedophilia a Coercive Paraphilias?	Pedophilia: recurrent intense sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child Children age 13 or younger A person with pedophilia must be at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child
	_________: urges or fantasies of intentionally inflicting real physical or psychological pain or suffering on a partner	Sadism
	_________: recurring sexual urge or fantasy of being humiliated or caused to suffer through real acts, not simulated ones	Masochism
	__________: a form of sexual masochism linking strangulation with masturbatory activities	Autoerotic asphyxia
	What are Sexual Impulse Disorders called in the DSM?	paraphilias
	___________ – attraction to a partner who age is that of a different generation.	Gerontophilia
	_________: recurring sexual urge or fantasy of being humiliated or caused to suffer through real acts, not simulated ones	Masochism
	__________: a form of sexual masochism linking strangulation with masturbatory activities	Autoerotic asphyxia
	What are Sexual Impulse Disorders called in the DSM?	“paraphilias”
	___________ – attraction to a partner who age is that of a different generation.	Gerontophilia
	___________ – orgasm dependent on watching others have sex.	Mixoscopia
	___________ – high heel fetish.	Altocalciphilia
	Types of Paraphilias_ ________ – fondling strangers in their sleep.	Somnophilia
	_________ – person who is aroused by seeing their partner cry.	Dacryphilia
	_________ – arousal from touching leather, fur.	Hyphephilia
	_________ – sexual arousal from fires.	Pyromania
	What is the etiology of Paraphilias?	Paraphilias are likely the result of social/environmental, psychological, and biological factors
	What are the treatments of Paraphilias?	Difficult to treat, relapses often occur Multi-faceted approaches that include enhancing social and sexual skills may assist recovery Prevention has been shown to be best approach
	Name 4 causes of paraphilias.	Slide 110F - Preesxiting deficicncies -Treatment recieved from Adults during childhood -Early sexual fantasises reinforced by masturbation -Extremely strong sex drive combined with uncontrollable thought processes
	Name 3 treatments of paraphilias.	Slide 110F _Covert Sensitization -Orgasmic reconditioning -Relapse Prevention
	How is Pedophilia defined?	Sexual desire for children (13 and under) DSM –IV definition: over a period of 6 months, recurrent intense sexual fantasies, sexual urges, or behavior with a prepubescent child or children Pedophilia – male dominated crime
	List 4 common characteristicsof a person with pedophilia	Problems with alcohol/substance abuse High rate of school failure and dropout Unstable work histories Tend to come from low economic SES
	The most common sexual problem in women and the 3rd most common sexual problem in men, ______________, is difficult to successfully treat.	hypoactive sexual desire
	Causes of low desire in women	MEDICAL FACTORS PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS CONTEXTUAL FACTORS
	MEDICAL FACTORS	Diabetes Menopause (Low androgens) Endocrine disorders (hypo-gonadism) Medical procedures (hysterectomy, radiotherapy, chemo) General poor health Fatigue Depression Lactation (prolactin) Hormone replacement therapy & oral contraceptives SSRIs & other antidepressants Antipsychotics Narcotics or other substance abuse Cardiac medications (Calcium & Beta blockers)
	PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS	Losses Trauma Past sexual and non-sexual relationships Cultural and religious attitudes
	Causes of low desire in women CONTEXTUAL FACTORS	Current interpersonal difficulties Partner sexual dysfunction Inadequate stimulation Unsatisfactory sexual and emotional contexts
	Your patient is taking tylenol, a SSRI, and a cholesterol lowering medication. Which medication is most likely to contribute to his erectile dysfunction?	SSRI
	What is the difference between postpartum blues and postpartum depression?	Postpartum blues are mild depressive symptoms occurring for < 2 weeks after birth. Postpartum depression symptoms last > 2 wks. and are more severe and requires treatment.
	What criteria are used for distinguishing between postpartum depression and the “baby blues”?	Slide 128F
	What percentage of American couples are infertile ?	15%
	How does infertility change with age?	Slide 132F
	Name 2 reasons why women are infertile.	-Malfunctions in the fallopian tubes and ovaries, which may be genetic or caused by adhesions from infections that might block sperm. -Inadequate quality or quantity of reproductive hormones.
	Name 4 reasons why men are infertile.	-Compromised quality of sperm -Decreased number of viable sperm -Poor structure -Decreased mobility -Obstructions along the reproductive tract.
	Infertility	inability to conceive a child after a year of frequent intercourse without contraceptives
	One in eight couples (___to__%) has trouble conceiving in US	(12 to 15 %)
	90% of cases have a physical basis 40%  ______ infertility 40%  ______ infertility 20%  ______	40%  male infertility 40%  female infertility 20%  both or unknown
	What are the top 3 reasons why women are infertile?	-Ovulatory Disorders 35% Total obstruction 35% Endometriosis 20% Othercauses /unexplained (idiopathic) 10%
	Name these Assisted Conceptions IUI: ____________________	intrauterine insemination
	IVF: ____________________	in vitro fertilization
	ICSI: ___________________	intracytoplasmic sperm injection
	GIFT: __________________	gamete intrafallopian transfer
	ZIFT: ___________________	zygote intrafallopian transfer
	What is Prostitution?	Prostitution is the trading of sexual acts for money, usually between a woman and man (called a john).
	What is the true life of a prostitute?	While some movies, such as Pretty Woman, portray prostitution as a somewhat glamorous profession, the reality is very different. Most prostitutes live in fear of either being raped or being picked up by the police. They are under constant stress from the difficulties of safely getting paid for having sex.
	Have the number of customers (“Johns”) who visit prostitutes been increasing or decreasing?	While the numbers vary from survey to survey, the number of men who have visited prostitutes has been decreasing for several generations. Essentially, the sexual revolution made sex more available, and economics took over: People who charged for services couldn’t compete with people who were giving sex away (Edgley, quoted in Rathus et al., 2002, p. 641).
	List 6 types of prostitutes	streetwalkers, brothel workers, massage parlors, escort services, and call girls.
	Who pays Streetwalkers and how much are they paid?	They usually charge less, and spend less time with a client.
	Compared to other prostitutes, how are Streetwalkers viewed?	In the prostitution hierarchy, these are usually at the lowest rung.
	What is the role of the Pimp on the streets regarding prosititutes?	Most streetwalkers have a pimp, who acts as their protector, companion, and, usually, master. Streetwalkers have to give a huge cut of their pay (up to around 60%) to the pimp.
	How are Brothel Workers different from other prostitutes?	One modern variant of the brothel is the massage parlor. Many are legitimate establishments that provide a legal service—massage—others provide that and more for a fee (“full-service”).
	How do the women employed by escort services conduct business?	Escorts, and the next level call girls,generally better educated and paid than streetwalkers and brothel workers. Generally, one hires them because they look and can act like the type of woman a successful man should be with.
	How do Call Girls do their business as prostitutes?	These usually have their meeting prearranged, either through a service or themselves. They generally charge more for services because they are generally better educated and take better care of themselves
	Describe Male Prostitutes	Although the overwhelming majority of prostitutes are female, there are male prostitutes. The majority of male prostitutes are gay or bisexual (70%). Further, just as with female prostitutes, the majority of a male prostitutes customers are males. In other words, the gigolo—a male who gets paid to have sex with women—is rare.
	Define “Hustler” and “Score”	Males who engage in male prostitution are called hustlers and their patrons are called scores.
	Why do Men Visit Prostitutes?	The main reason men visit prostitutes is to get some sexual act that their regular partners find objectionable. These days, the most often requested service is fellatio, and then anal sex.
	Why do Men Visit Prostitutes?	Other men visit prostitutes because they would rather pay for occasional sex than be involved in a relationship with a woman, they want a relationship with a woman that won’t “interfere” with their marriage (such as people who are on business trips), or simply because they cannot attract a woman. A significant number of individuals visit prostitutes to be initiated into sexual activity.
	__________ – solicit in public; pimps; oral sex performed on the customer is most common.	Streetwalkers
	__________ prostitutes – legal in some Nevada counties; elsewhere replaced by “B-girls” who use subtle cues to solicit customers in hotel bars, generally with consent of management.	Brothel
	_______ parlors – thinly disguised storefronts; “hand whores.”	Massage
	_______ –customers are screened by phone; often works from her home; high status clients and high fees; for sex or just a pretty date.	Call girls
	_______ – male counterpart of the call girl.	Gigolos
	_______ – male or female prostitutes; slightly lower fees than call girls or gigolos.	Escort services
	_______ – male streetwalkers.	Hustlers
	Name 5 characteristics of prostitutes	Primary motive world wide is economic. Drug addiction prior to of after becoming a prostitute is extremely common. Some are attracted to the thrill and danger. Most were sexually and otherwise abused as children, felt rejected, few friends. Most teen prostitutes are runaways or “throw-away” children. Most have serious problems with anxiety, depression, social alienation, drug abuse.
	How does the law view prostitution?	Primary concern of most people is the moral issue, although STDs, drug abuse and violence against prostitutes, other crime are also cited. Many see prostitution as a victimless crime. Proponents of legalization advocate licensing, regular health checks, mandatory condom use and taxation (already done in Nevada’s legal brothels). Few states put serious effort into prosecuting the customers.
	How many prostitutes are HIV positive?	Fewer than 1% of U.S. citizens are infected but 25-50% of streetwalkers and hustlers in major cities are infected.
	What motivates women to become prostitutes?	Those having STD’s, using drugs, or involved in crime become part of Street Trade. Majority are coerced into trade due to poverty related issues, few job opportunities,or the sexist ideology. This sexist ideology defines women in terms of their sexuality with little regard given to other skills and qualities.
	How are male prostitutes the same and different from female prostitutes?	Male Prostitutes They have the same hierarchy as female[from Escort to the bar hustler to the street walker Two distinct subcultures: (1) Peer-delinquent and (2) Gay
	Peer-Delinquent Subculture	1. Consists of boys from lower-class backgrounds 2. Never defined themselves as homosexuals 3. Prostitution an exclusive means of making money, not for sexual gratification 4. Typically, are engaging in other activities
	A male hustler is on the same status level as a female __________ (a type of prostitute).	streetwalker
	Gay Subculture	1. Involves boys who consider themselves homosexual or bisexual 2. More often work gay neighborhoods 3. More likely than peer-delinquents to come from middle-class 4. A way to interact with other gays 5. Desire sexual gratification
	Adolescent Male Prostitutes	1. Unstable families, in which they may have a series of caretakers[including parents and other relatives] 2. Likely to have experienced physical and/or sexual abuse from caretakers 3. Conflict over sexual orientation leads to running away
	Name 3 myths about rape	Rape involves strangers Women provoke their attackers Rape is simply about sex
	Most sexual assaults are committed by strangers. FACT: ___________________	3 of 4 victims know their attacker.
	Assault is avoidable with care and alertness. FACT: The attacker is _______	The attacker is usually someone the victim has reason to trust.
	Sexual impulsiveness or frustration cause rape. FACT: Most assaults are ____	Most assaults are planned.
	The majority of sex offenders are caught, convicted, and in prison. FACT: ___________________	A small number of rapes are reported and a fraction of offenders apprehended and convicted.
	All sex offenders are male. FACT: The majority of sex offender are _______	The majority of sex offenders are male, but females do commit some sex offenses, particularly against children.
	Youths do not commit sex offenses. FACT: 1/5 of rapes and 1/2 of child molestations are committed by _____________	adolescents.
	Sexual assault is only harmful if there is visible physical injury. FACT: Victims ____________	suffer emotionally regardless of whether they sustain visible injury; the violation of trust victims suffer can dramatically increase their level of trauma.
	Child abusers usually find victims in places like schoolyards or playgrounds. FACT: 90% of child abusers choose to ________________	90% of child abusers choose to victimize children they already know
	Women “cry” rape. FACT: Less than __ % of claims of sexual assault are found to be unfounded.	8%
	One in __?__ children will be sexually abused by the age of 18	five
	True or False Most sexual assaults are committed by strangers.	Most sexual assaults are committed by someone known to the victim or the victim’s family, regardless of whether the victim is a child or an adult.
	Only __ % of rapes and sexual assaults are actually reported to law enforcement officials — about one in every _____.	39 % three.
	What are the types of Rape?	Forced rape Statutory rape The crime Sadistic rape Acquaintance rape (date rape)
	Forced rape	Sexual intercourse with an unwilling partner
	Statutory rape	Sexual intercourse with a minor
	True or False The rapist is usually someonethe victim knows, but not well	False
	True or False? Quiz Erections in men result, in part, from a bone that protrudes into the penis.	False
	Sperm can be produced only in an environment a couple of degrees lower than normal body temperature.	True
	The hymen is a reliable indicator of whether or not a woman is a virgin.	False
	The inner 2/3 of the vagina is highly sensitive to touch.	False
	Many men experience nipple erection when they become sexually aroused.	True
	Most men and women are capable of multiple orgasms.	False
	Breast size in women is related to the number of Mammary glands	False
	A girl can get pregnant as soon as she starts having menstrual periods.	True
	Ovulation generally occurs just before menstruation.	False
	After a vasectomy, a man can reach orgasm but cannot ejaculate.	False
	AIDS is the diagnosis for people who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	False
	The combination birth control pill works primarily by preventing implantation of a fertilized egg.	False
	Taking the oral contraceptive pill results in fewer serious health problems than do pregnancy and childbirth.	True
	Women show their highest levels of sexual desire at the time of ovulation.	False
	There are about 12 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States each year.	True
	The major cause of AIDS is homosexuality.	False
	If gonorrhea is not treated, it can sometimes turn into syphilis.	False
	Most women do not show symptoms in the early stages of gonorrhea or chlamydia.	True
	Gonorrhea, syphilis, and herpes can be successfully treated with antibiotics.	False
	In vitro fertilization involves a process where part of fetal development occurs in a test tube.	False
	It is usually safe to have sexual intercourse during the 7th and 8th months of pregnancy.	True
	“Prepared childbirth” (e.g., Lamaze) refers to delivering a baby without the use of drugs.	False
	Most healthy people in their 60s and older continue to engage in sexual behavior.	True
	Men’s descriptions of orgasm are different from women’s descriptions of orgasm.	False
	Excessive masturbation can cause serious medical problems.	False
	The birth control pill gives women some protection against sexually transmitted disease.	False
	Women who have masturbated to orgasm during adolescence generally have less difficulty reaching orgasm during intercourse than women who never masturbated.	True
	The frequency of sexual relations is highest for married couples aged 25 to 35.	True
	Adult male homosexuals have lower than normal levels of male hormones.	False
	Douching is an effective method of birth control.	False
	Recent evidence indicates that environmental factors are most important in determining one’s sexual orientation.	False
	Most cases of child molestation involve an acquaintance of relative of the child.	True
	A pregnant woman can transmit syphilis to the unborn baby.	True
	Exhibitionists and voyeurs often attempt to rape their victims.	False
	Nocturnal emissions (“wet dreams”) are often an indication of a sexual problem.	False
	Alcohol is a central nervous system excitant that enhances sexual performance.	False
	Humans can crossbreed with animals with the use of artificial insemination techniques.	False
	Women’s sexual desire decreases sharply after menopause.	False
	Vaginal infections can be prevented by regular use of feminine hygiene products.	False
	A woman’s ability to have vaginal orgasms is related to penis size.	False
	Oral herpes can be transmitted to another person’s genitals by oral-genital contact.	True
	Unless testosterone is present during embryonic development, nature has programmed everyone to be born a girl.	True

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