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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a civilization?
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The way people live in a complex political, ecobomic, and social structure. Usually, in an urban setting, after making a certain technological and artistiic advances and sharing a refinement of thought, manners, and taste.
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Where did the earliest primate ancestors of present day humans probably originate in?
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Eastern Africa
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What is the earliest cultural period in which hominoids used tools and developed rudimentary cultures?
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Paleolithic
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What kind of artwork exists from the upper paleolithic period?
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Paintings of animals on walls of caves
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What are some of the characteristics of the figurine of willendorf?
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May have been used as a fertility symbol. emphasized features that may have symbolized early creativity
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What was the change in the Neolith Revolution and what was the result of this change?
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Humans first plowed the early and sowed seeds. therefore they settled down into solid communities. moved from hunting and gathering
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What were the two geographic areas where civilizations first arose in the middle east?
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tigris-euphrates and nile river valleys
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where was the fertile crescent?
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arc of land that swings through the most productive land in the near east. present day iraq.
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What dominated the economy of mesopotamia?
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agriculture
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what natural element shaped the mesopotamian agriculture most directly?
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the tigris and euphrates rivers
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who was the lawgiver for the bablyonians?
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hammurabi
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what were some of the characteristics of the babylonian code?
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law based on retaliation-idea that justice required balance eye for an eye tooth for a tooth. wealthy were treated diff from poor
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what is a major theem of the epic of gilgamesh?
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explores the meaning of of life and death through the adventures of sumerian epic hero and his companion enkidu
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who was enheduanna?
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daughter of sargon, the world's earliest known literacy figure
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what was the central architectural feature of a mesopotamian city?
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temple
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what does the exhaltation of inanna tell?
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the elevation of inanna to supremacy among the gods
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what was the typical religious structure in mesopotamia?
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ziggurats
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in mesopotamian art, how did artists represent a human figure at worship?
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their hands folded and clasped in front
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what was the basic type of construction for buildings in mesopotamia?
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post and lintel construction
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what were the permanent features of egyptian civilization?
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rulers claimed to be deities, construction of elaborate royal tombs, rulers controlled foreign trade
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what do scholars think the appearance of a female ruler in egypt signaled?
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equality among men and women
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what were the characteristics of egyptian religion?
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belief in immorality, polytheistic and a theocracy
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Which pharoah brought about the Armana revolution?
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Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton)
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During which kingdom in Egypt did the building of the pyramids occur?
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the old kingdom
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what was the cultural significance of the pyramid?
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pyramids embodied a constant eternal order
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what were the characteristics of hatshupset's temple? where did she build the temple?
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post and lintel style, columns decorated with capitals, colonnaded courtyards that led to a cliff sanctuary
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What characterized persian art?
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contemplative themes with less action
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what were the characteristics of zoroastrian religion?
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cosmic struggle between good and evil, moral behavior would bring favor in the afterlife, predicted a last judgement
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what was the legacy of egypt to the west?
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stone sculptures, stylistic conventions, hieroglyphic writing, solar year calendar
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what was the legacy of mesopotamia to the west?
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unknown at this time
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What was the importance of mummification in the Old Kingdom?
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To preserve a body until its soul returned
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Who is the "Father of History?"
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Greek historian Herodotus
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What are some characteristics of the Hyksos?
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Came from western Asia, ruled egypt for about 160 years
Middle Kingdom |
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In the New Kingdom ambitious pharaohs did what?
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assembled large armies and great war fleets
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What occured during the New Kingdom?
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Conquest of Nubia
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What kind of structures were built in the New Kingdom?
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huge stone statues and splendid temples
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Who insisted on ruling as Pharoah and not queen?
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Hatshepsut
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Who made Egypt monotheistic?
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Akhenaton-Amenhotep
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What is the Armana revolution?
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Egyptian naturalistic art intimate scenes of court life
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What were the religious beliefs in the New Kingdom?
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Belief in immorality, worship of the ruler, polytheistic and a theocracy
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What were the characteristics of the stone sculptures in Egypt?
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Stylistic "conventions"-frontal view of the torso, face and legs in profile, sense of immobility, unemotional countenance, fists sometimes clenched and left leg forward (no complete nudity)
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What kind of sailors were the Phoenicians?
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excellent sailors
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Who developed the use of the modern alphabet?
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Phoenicians
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What does monotheistic mean?
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one transcedent god who demanded worship, obedience, and justice. God not limited to one place; Jews carried their worship with them
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What are some characteristics of Moses?
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received the Ten Commandments, developed the idea of a covenant relationship between God and the "chosen" people, writing of sacred history to record God's interaction with men
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Who are the most important kings of the hebrews?
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Saul, David, Solomon
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Who was the greatest king of israel?
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David
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Who built the temple?
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Solomon
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Who was the first king of the Hebrews?
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Saul
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Who committed adultry with Bathsheeba and kills her husband?
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David
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What was the capital city of the Assyrians?
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Ninevah-Jonah goes here
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Who was the king of the new Babylonians?
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Nebuchadnezzar
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Where does Persia run from?
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Ancient Egypt to present day Afghanistan
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What are some characteristics of the Persian empire?
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united a vast area beginning around 550 BC, empire based on tolerance and wise government
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Who was the conqueror and founder of the Persian Empire?
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Cyrus the Great
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What kind of economy characterized the Minoans?
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Stable mercantile economy
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Has Linear A and B been deciphered?
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No, Linear A hasn't
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what religious practices are evident in Minoan art?
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Fertility cult connected with mother earth goddess
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What civilization conquered the Minoans?
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Myceneans
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Where was Mycenean civilization located?
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Peloponnesus-handshape peninsula
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What legacy did Mycenaean civilization transmit to Archaic Greek?
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legends and myths of gods and heroes-revealed later in Homer's writings
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Who originated the epic literary tradition?
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Homer
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What led to the organization of the polis?
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geography
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Where was the Minoan civilization?
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island of crete-hot dog shaped
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What was unearthed by sir authur evans?
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citadel/temple at knossos
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Were the greeks of the archaic age unified?
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no
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What did the archaic greeks call their land?
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Hellas
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What is an agora?
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discussion of issues;direct participatory democracy (males only) agora served as a market place and city center
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What was a "tyrant" in archaic greek?
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often a political and social reformer who had extraordinary power to solve specific problems in a short period of time
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what was sparta known/admired for in the rest of greece?
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known for being greatest warriors
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who was solon?
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tyrant- rewrote the laws. athenian aristocratic reformer-changed the economy and society
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Why were the Persian wars significant?
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allowed greek democratic institutions and humanistic values to continue to develop
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What was a major victory of the persians during the persian wars?
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spartans defended the pass at thermopylae-major persian victory
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who was the leader of the greek gods?
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Zeus
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what is hubris?
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extreme pride
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what cultural instituion grew out of the worship of dionysus?
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theater
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where did the greeks think human creativity originated?
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nine goddesses called muses
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what is the theme of the odyssey?
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emphasis on human affairs rather than the actions of the gods
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how did homer influence greek civilization?
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uknown
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what is the early style of freek pottery decorations called? why is it called that?
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black figure style because figures were painted in black with a reddish background
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what was the subject of the lyric of poetry of sappho?
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passionate love in all of its aspects
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what aspect of love does sappho describe in the poem 'he seems to be a god"?
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jealousy
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who was the first greek philospher/scientist who speculated about the nature of change?
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unknown
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pythagoras was the author of what scientific theory?
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pythagoram theory-importance of mathematical relationships
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how did the philosphers and scientists of the archaic greece think the natural world could be understood?
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human reason could understand the natural world
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what are the characteristics of the doric temple style?
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columns with undecorated capitals, metopes, triglyphs
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what are the characteristics of the temple of aphaia aegina?
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aphaia-fluting on the columns, mathematical proportions, refined details
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what was the egyptian influence on the archaic greek sculpture?
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left foot forward movement
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what is the difference between the kouros and the kore?
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the kouros is not clothed the kore is partially clothed
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what change in archaic sculpture occurred at the end of the period?
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realistic tension in the bodies
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how did the archaic greeks lay the foundation for western civilization?
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systematic thinkers originated the spirit of scientific inquiry
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