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63 Cards in this Set
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Animism |
Who: UniversalWhat: Worship of spirits & nature; prayer & sacrificeWhen: Earliest form of religionWhere: UniversalWhy: Integrated w/ formal religions today |
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Hindu |
Who: Originated in IndiaWhat: Multiple gods; reincarnation; meditationWhen: ~2000 BCWhere: Originated in IndiaWhy: Caste system |
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Confucianism |
Who: ChinaWhat: Ethical belief system (not a religion); veneration of ancestors; based on teachings of Confucius; filial pietyWhen: ~500 BCWhere: ChinaWhy: Social & political order |
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Buddhism |
Who: India / Nepal (base of Himalayas)What: Life is suffering; achieve Nirvana; end of reincarnation; meditation + deprivation = enlightenment; teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha); Middle WayWhen: ~500 BCWhere: India / Nepal (base of Himalayas)Why: Has been dominant religion in E / SE Asia |
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Judaism Judaism |
Who: Descendents of AbrahamWhat: Based on Hebrew Bible; among first monotheistic religionsWhen: ~2000 BCWhere: Israel / MesopotamiaWhy: Combined political + social + religious beliefs |
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Christianity |
Who: Mainly Europe; America; AustraliaWhat: Based on story / teachings of Jesus + Bible; fulfillment of Old Testament propheciesWhen: 0-33 ADWhere: IsraelWhy: Most common religion in the world |
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Catholic Christianity |
What: Pope; Emperor Constantine made it state religionWhen: ~325 ADWhere: RomeWhy: Dominant form of Christianity |
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Islam |
Who: Widespread through Middle East, N Africa, C / S / SE AsiaWhat: Based on teachings of Muhammad (last to hear from God)When: ~640-660s ADWhere: Originated in modern Saudi ArabiaWhy: Believed Judaism & Christianity incomplete |
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Protestant Christianity |
Who: Throughout N Europe, N America, Australia & missionary pockets worldwide What: 95 Theses by Martin Luther; splintered into denominations over centuries (no one unified group)When: 1517Where: Church of England?Why: Divided church (Pope + Rome vs other interpretations of Bible) |
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Beringea |
Who: Native AmericansWhat: Land BridgeWhen: 26,000-13,000 BCWhere: Bering StraitWhy: Theory that natives crossed the land bridge from Asia to NA |
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Paleolithic Era |
Who: HominidsWhat: the “Old Stone Age”When: ~1mil BC - ~10,000 BCWhere: Africa, Middle East, Europe, AsiaWhy: Beginning of Human’s mastering their environment/ control nature (evidence of tool use). |
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Hunter-Gatherer Society |
Who: Hominids / HomosapiansWhat: Small groups that hunted and gathered foodWhen: ~400, 000 BC - PresentWhere: GloballyWhy: Oldest hominid/ human societal formation |
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Matrilineal Society |
Who: Human societiesWhat: Society where the female sex is treated equally or raised in stature above menWhen: ~100,000 BC - PresentWhere: GlobalWhy: Less pervasive in more complex societies ~20,000 BC |
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Patriarchal Society |
What: Decisions + wealth through malesWhen: ~100,000 BC - PresentWhere: GlobalWhy: More pervasive as human societies became more complex ~20,000 BC (common today) |
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Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) |
Who: Homo sapiensWhat: Lifestyle changes highlighted by “in place” agricultureWhen: 10,000 - 3500 BCWhere: SW AsiaWhy: Agricultural revolution (surplus) |
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Swidden Agriculture |
Who: HumansWhat: Cleared land w/ fire until exhausting soilWhere: Began in MesopotamiaWhen: ~10,000 BC - PresentWhy: Earliest form of deliberate cultivation |
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Irrigation Agriculture |
Who: Required large, compliant populations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, etc.)What: Utilized dams + canals for farmingWhen: ~5000 BCWhere: Initially located along major riversWhy: Led to complex / stratified societies & larger kingdoms |
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Population Growth |
Who: HumansWhat: Increase in human population (recovery); new tech breakthroughs (esp. agriculture)When: ~10,000 BC (Great Neolithic Period Increase)Where: Global?Why: Allowed for diversified / specialized societies & hierarchies (income inequality) |
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Rise of the City State |
Who: Begins in sedentary agricultural communitiesWhat: The power of a city state is reflected in its expansion beyond the city itself (land ownership)When: ~4000 BCWhere: Near major water / trade routes for irrigation & transportationWhy: Centers of trade / exchange of tech / ideas |
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Bronze Age |
Who: HumansWhat: Combined copper + tin to make bronze toolsWhen: ~3500 BCWhere: Middle EastWhy: 1. Technological breakthrough led to advantages for users, 2. Increased trade & intercultural relations |
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Iron Age |
Who: HumansWhat: Iron is much stronger & more readily available than bronzeWhere: Middle East (Africa later)When: ~1500 BCWhy: Tech breakthrough breakthrough led to advantages for users |
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Mesopotamia (The Fertile Crescent) |
Who: Sumerians, AkkadiansWhat: Formed early, complex city states (Ziggurats) When: ~4,000 - 1,500 BCWhere: Land between Tigris & EuphratesWhy: Possibly first civilization to use writing to record information |
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Akkadians (eastern Turkish regions |
Who: Semitic peopleWhat: Unified southern MesopotamiaWhen:~2370 - 2200 BCWhere: MesopotamiaWhy: First known to have used writing for literature (rather than religion / business) |
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Babylon |
Who: AmoritesWhat: Established first dynastyWhen: 1990 - 1595 BCWhere: MesopotamiaWhy: King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) stabilized the kingdom |
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Hammurabi’s Code |
Who: King Hammurabi (1792 - 1750 BC)What: A written law code most likely based on prior legal codesWhen: ~1750 BCWhere: Babylon, MesopotamiaWhy: Created what is perhaps first written law (predictable + understandable regulations for business + society) |
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Egypt |
Who: Egyptians + NubiansWhat: Northern African CountryWhen: Where: N Africa / SW AsiaWhy: |
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Predynastic Egypt |
Who: Egyptians What: Scattered towns (pop. 2500-10,000)When: 5300 - 2750 BCWhere: Nile RiverWhy: Developed pottery, tools, & religion (Cult of the Dead) |
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Dynastic Egypt |
Who: EgyptiansWhat: Divided into ~30 dynasties (each overthrown)When: 3100 - 333 BCWhere: Nile River Valley (upper + lower)Why: Power based on controlling the population and utilizing the Nile River for agriculture |
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Early Dynastic Egypt |
Who: Egyptians What: 400 year process of unificationWhen: 3000 - 2600 BCWhere: Upper +lower NileWhy: Beginnings of extensive use of irrigation leading to surplus agriculture and material wealth |
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Old Kingdom Egypt |
Who: Egyptian pharaohsWhat: Formalized Cult of the Dead; built Great PyramidsWhen: 2600-2160 BCWhere: Nile RiverWhy: Great wealth |
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New Kingdom Egypt |
Who: Egyptian peopleWhat: Expanded empire to SW AsiaWhen: 1550-1069 BCWhere: Middle EastWhy: Greater contact w/ other civilizations led to new ideas, religions, technologies & wealth |
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Tutankhamen |
Who: Egyptian pharaohWhat: Discovery of his tomb provided insight into Early New Kingdom EgyptWhen: r. 1361-1352 Where: ThebesWhy: Oversaw major building projects |
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Ramses II (Ramses the Great) |
Who: Egyptian pharaohWhat: Used wealth to build temple to Amun at KarnakWhen: r. 1279-1213 BCWhere: EgyptWhy: Ruler of the Egyptian Empire at height of New Kingdom |
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Third Intermediate Period |
Who: Egyptian govt / pharaohsWhat: Over-expansion; inner turmoil; warfare w/ rival empiresWhen: 1100-333 BCWhere: Nile River ValleyWhy: 1. Repeated incursions by other powers, 2. Gradual decline led to loss of self-rule beginning in 333 BC |
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Phoenicia |
Who: Mixed ethnic backgroundsWhat: Developed commercial empire along MediterraneanWhen: 1250-750 BCWhere: Lived in city states in E MediterraneanWhy: Developed basis of alphabet; excellent sailing skills (Africa to England) |
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Israel / Judea |
Who: Semitic tribe / Jewish peopleWhat: Believed in single God (Yahweh); experienced high point during time of King David & King SolomonWhere: When: ~1200-586 BCWhy: Two important world religions: Judaism + Christianity |
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Huang Ti |
Who: The Yellow Emperor / legendary figureWhat: Established Hsia DynastyWhere: N ChinaWhen: ~2698-2598 BCWhy: Huang Ti + wife credited w/ numerous inventions (money, silk, compass) |
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Shang Dynasty |
Who: N ChineseWhat: First recorded Chinese historyWhere: Yellow RiverWhen: 1766-1122 BCWhy: Period of great tech growth |
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Shang-ti |
Who: Shang-ti (“Lord on High,” greatest of all deities)What: Believed to provide rain; emperor was intermediary between Shang-ti & the peopleWhere: ChinaWhen: Pre-1766 BC - Why: 1. Became justification for “Divine Rule”, 2. Another example of intertwining statecraft / religion + govt (w/ one supporting the other) |
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Ancestor Worship |
Who: Chinese living + deadWhat: Ancestral spirits could conduct intercession between Heaven (Shang-ti) + EarthWhere: Throughout ChinaWhen: Pre-1766 BC - PresentWhy: Played large role in establishment of Chinese belief of “filial piety |
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Filial Piety |
Who: Chinese people / ConfuciusWhat: Everyone performs assigned roles in fam + society based on responsibility towards others (respect your elders)Where: ChinaWhen: ~500 BC - PresentWhy: Became fixed in China until mid-20th century as way of keeping order in society |
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Fall of Shang Dynasty |
Who: Shang leaders (emperors + bureaucrats) + ZhouWhat: Shang emperor killed & Zhou established new dynastyWhere: ChinaWhen: 1300-1122 BCWhy: Frequent turmoil + warfare; combination of corrupt govt (esp. emperor) & alliances w/ increasingly strong neighbors (esp. Zhou) |
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Zhou Dynasty |
Who: Early ChineseWhat: Formed patriarchal / semi-feudal societyWhere: Along Yellow River in capitals Xian + LoyangWhen: 1122-226 BCWhy: 1. Gradually expanded size of China, 2. Created concept of “Mandate of Heaven” |
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Mandate of Heaven |
Who: EmperorWhat: An emperor reigned because Heaven chose themWhere: ChinaWhen: ~1100 BC - PresentWhy: Way to remove ineffective / corrupt emperors / govts |
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Warring States Period |
Who: Zhou + subordinate rulersWhat: Rulers fought each other for control of China Where: ChinaWhen: ~700-221 BCWhy: Long-lasting period of political + social instability |
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Confucius |
Who: Chinese scholar (bureaucrat)What: Looked to past for answers to current political instabilityWhere: From state of Lu, ChinaWhen: ~551-479 BCWhy: Ideas written down became ingrained in Chinese culture + politics |
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The Analects (Conversations) |
Who: Confucius + studentsWhat: Questions answered by Confucius written down by his disciplesWhere: ChinaWhen: ~500 BCWhy: Became large part of Chinese intellectual traditions as part of the Four Books & Five Classics |
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Taoism (Daoism) |
Who: Chinese--often older members of societyWhat: Semi-religious philosophy based on Tao (“road” or “way”); includes retreat / withdrawal from worldWhere: ChinaWhen: ~500 BCWhy: 1. Provided intellectual & metaphysical alternative to cold realities of rigid society, 2. Played important role in Chinese science + medicine |
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End of Zhou Dynasty |
Who: Zhou + QinWhat: Warring States era comes to an end as Zhou Dynasty relinquishes power to QinWhere: ChinaWhen: 256-221 BCWhy: Qin leader becomes new emperor, establishing Qin Dynasty |
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Qin Dynasty |
Who: Qin Shihuang (r. 221-210 BC)What: Brought political stability but destroyed all “non-essential” writingsWhere: ChinaWhen: 221-207 BCWhy: Created centralized power within China based on legalism |
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Fall of the Qin |
Who: Chinese massesWhat: Rose up against Qin due to oppression & public works requirementsWhere: N Central ChinaWhen: 207 BCWhy: Led to rise of Early Han Dynasty |
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Early Han Dynasty |
Who: Han emperorsWhat: Built on foundations of Qin (strong central govt, etc.)Where: From Central China (Yangtze River area)When: 206 BC - 9 ADWhy: Formalized education of bureaucrats using Confucian principles |
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Silk Road |
Who: Chinese, Romans, merchantsWhat: Trade in Chinese silks as far west as Roman EmpireWhere: China → Central Asia → Rome → When: ~200 BC - 1800’s ADWhy: 1. Brought wealth into China, 2. Provided contact between East + West |
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Wang Mang |
Who: Reformer / regent of Han child emperorWhat: Aimed to redistribute lands from landowners to peasantsWhere: ChinaWhen: r. 9-23 ADWhy: Poorly implemented redistribution plans lead to nationwide chaos & downfall |
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Later Han Dynasty |
Who: Han emperorsWhat: Han Dynasty returned to throne after Wang Mang’s downfall (& scrapped his land redistribution plans)Where: ChinaWhen: 25-220 ADWhy: Initially ruled well, but never as powerful as Early Han Dynasty |
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Describe the development of human beings during the Late Paleolithic Era. What technological advances took place and how did they affect social arrangements of early humans? |
The Late Paleolithic Era occurred from about 1-million BC to approximately 10,000 BC. The Late Paleolithic civilizations arose in Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. It was the oldest Hominid / human societal formation. Based on archaeological evidence, their use of tools and technological advancement was very slow. They were primarily hunter-gatherers but began to domesticate animals and practice simple farming. They began to use “tool kits”--progressively more complete tools--and developed a belief in spirits, magic, and religion. |
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Explain how the Neolithic Era gave rise to early city-states. Be sure to provide details including breakthroughs. How did the rise of city-states create hierarchical societies? |
The development of villages and cities created sedentary living patterns. Some societies became more patriarchal. They used stone tools and pottery (food storage) which advanced agriculture. They domesticated horses and cattle, as well as invented and utilized the wheel, thus advancing military and commerce. Around 10,000 BC human population began to greatly increase. This allowed members of societies to become more diversified and specialized, which gave rise to hierarchical society. These societies were characterized by division of labor--different people serving different functions within a society--leading to higher concentrations of farmers, artisans, merchants, traders, government officials, priests, and more. City-states, reflected by their control over ever-expanding lands beyond the cities themselves, arose out of the agricultural communities, which were most often located near water for both irrigation and transportation. Around 4000 BC, these became the centers of trade, where technology and ideas are exchanged. |
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Describe the development of Mesopotamia. What were some of the major powers of the region and what were their contributions to humankind? |
Located in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, the rich soils led to the region being referred to as the Fertile Crescent. Because there was little rain, irrigation was needed. As food supplies increased, the human population increased along with it. The increases led to to migrations to the area (particularly by Semites). Sumer, in the south, became a population center. The first cities emerge around 4000 BC, evolving into various city states vying for control of the surrounding regions. The Sumerians, Akkadians, and Amorites all had successful societies in the region. The contributions of these major powers to mankind included the first written code of law (Hammurabi’s Code), advanced mathematics, widespread literacy, and the expanded use of metallurgy. |
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Briefly describe the development of Egypt. Explain why the Egyptian pharaohs became so powerful and what made Egypt’s location so important for its development. |
Once lush, grassy steppe lands with abundant hunting, fishing, and wild grains, the climate of the Sahara region became hotter and drier around 5000 BC. This caused migrations to the Nile River regions where annual flooding created rich soils for agricultural. The migrations brought together scattered towns which eventually led to more than thirty dynasties. These Egyptian societies heavily utilized the Nile River, installed extensive irrigation systems that led to surplus and great wealth. These dynasties are responsible for the massive architectural projects that symbolize Egypt in modern times. The Pharaohs of Egypt gained great power by claiming to be gods living on the earth in human form. |
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Describe the rise, successes and fall of the Shang Dynasty. Describe the legacies of the Shang Dynasty and explain how they might have influenced future Chinese dynasties. |
Bronze metallurgy transformed Chinese society during the Shang Dynasty and it may have played a part in their rise to power in 1766 BC. The Shang rulers’ monopoly over bronze production provided them with weapons far superior to those of their rivals. Their use of horse drawn chariots and bronze weapons made it easy for Shang warriors to take control of agricultural villages which vastly expanded the empire. The Shang Dynasty is known for technological innovation and some exchange of goods. They used bronze and chariots, developed a lunar calendar, the first functional sundials, and refined the written Chinese language. These developments revolutionized agriculture and business. Though the Shang were primarily an agricultural society, writing and literacy were extensive and education became an important factor in the stability of the country. In fact, education was an important factor in becoming a government official. Along with education, religion played a large role in the Shang Dynasty, becoming the justification for “Divine Rule.” The Shang Dynasty’s downfall occurred around 1300-1122 BC. Frequent turmoil and warfare with increasingly strong neighbors and corrupt government alliances, especially the Zhou, culminated in the assassination of the Shang emperor and establishment of a new dynasty by the Zhou. |
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Describe the rise, successes and fall of the Zhou Dynasty. What weaknesses existed for the Zhou Dynasty and how did they affect its rule? Describe the legacies of the Zhou Dynasty and explain how some of them came about. |
Ruled from 1122 – 226 BCSuccessFormed patriarchal/ semi-feudal society, fertile soil from Yellow RiverThe creation of the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven” not only served to remove ineffective/ corrupt emperors from power, it also strengthened the power of emperors because they are now viewed as holy.Strength grows as alliances are made. Territories within the dynasty ruled their own but paid homage, provided troops and taxes to Zhou. In turn, Zhou organized and protected the country.LegaciesIntellectual developments during the Zhou Dynasty begin with the Chinese scholar Confucius and his students. The ideas of Confucius were recorded by his students in a collections of conversations penned as the Analects – became large part of Chinese intellectual tradition.WeaknessesFrom about 700 BC – 221 BC the Zhou Dynasty was at war with the subordinate states, fighting for control of China. This was a long-lasting period of political and social instability that eventually led to the demise of the Zhou Dynasty. The subordinate states began refusing to meet most of their obligations to the Zhou.Along with the internal weaknesses, the Zhou Dynasty also was getting pressure from external nomadic groups. Many of these issues could have been dealt with easily had the Zhou worked for strong alliances, but his alliances were actually as loose as your mom. Eventually the Zhou lacked the power to remain in reign. By 221BC the Zhou Dynasty had to relinquish its power to the Qin Dynasty. |
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Describe the rise, successes and fall of the Qin Dynasty. What ideology or ideologies supported the Qin Dynasty and how did this affect its rule? Describe the legacies of the Qin Dynasty and explain how some of them came about. |
The Qin Dynasty was given power from the Zhou Dynasty after the Warring States Period came to an end (221 BC). The Qin leader became the emperor, establishing the Qin Dynasty. They brought political stability but destroyed all “non-essential” writings. Laws, currencies, weights, and measures were standardized. This encouraged integration with different regions, increasing commerce and cohesion. This helped centralize the Qin Dynasty. Common script was mandated throughout the empire. Although there were many different languages spoken throughout China, the unified text allowed for the communication necessary for political and cultural unity. Around 207 BC the Chinese masses (North Central China) rose up against the Qin due to ongoing oppression and public work requirements. The Qin Dynasty was supplanted by the Early Han Dynasty. The major ideology of the Qin Dynasty was legalism, a Chinese philosophy espousing state and government interests over that of individuals. Legalism was strongly pushed by Mo Tzu, who used it as the justification of Qin Dynasty’s oppression and centralization of authority. Tactics of legalism included the use of secret police, pitting neighbors against each other by advocating and rewarding spying, and funneling resources into their military. During their reign, the Qin centralized the government under the emperor, creating and streamlining legal codes, and standardizing the monetary system as well as weights and measures. writing within the empire. The uniformity bolstered trade and business. |
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Describe the rise, successes and fall of the Early Han Dynasty. What ideology or ideologies supported the Han Dynasty and how did this affect its rule? Describe the legacies of the Han Dynasty and explain how some of them came about. |
The Emperor was a persistent man and a methodical planner. He surrounded himself with brilliant advisors and had loyal support from troops. In 206 BC the Early Han Dynasty was built on the foundations of the Qin. The Early Han Dynasty fell in 9 AD due to growing wealth disparity, increased taxes and printed more money to pay for wars; rent, and taxes came from the poor to the wealthy and government. The government could not/would not control the size of the growing estates. In order to address the “land problem” the throne was taken over by Wang Mang. The successes of the Han Dynasty were improved agricultural techniques, improved food storage and granaries, improved canals and waterworks, and expansion of the Chinese Empire to include Korea and Viet Nam. The Emperor (Han Wudi) recognized that the success of his efforts at bureaucratic centralization would depend on a corps of educated office holders. The imperial university took Confucianism as the basis for its curriculum. Through legalism, the emperor built an enormous bureaucracy to administer his empire. He relied on legalist principles of government. Both policies were pursued to administrative centralization and imperial expansion. The legacies of the Han dynasty were: formalized Confucian education, bureaucratic centralization of government would remain successful through well-educated office holders, stabilized government enabling expansion of the empire. The strong, central government was a continuation of Qin dynasty |
