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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Indigenas of Mexico circa 1492
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Mexicas
Aztecs Tarascans Tlaxcaltecas Spoke Nahuatl |
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Indigenas of Caribbean circa 1492
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Caribs
Tahinos Had caciques (leaders) and lived in Chiefdoms |
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Abd al-Rahman III
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Caliph for all muslims- his family is killed so he goes West to Portugal and puts a Caliphate in Cordoba= 929 BC
in 1010 Christians take over |
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Reconquista of Iberia by the Christians
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from 711-1492 (almost 800 years)
The Taifas (city-states) come together to take down Muslimes= Nava de Tolosa -In 1492 Muslims have control only over Granada--> so Queen Isabel goes to take over it too |
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Nava de Tolosa
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Christian taifas come together tot ake down muslims
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1492 yoo
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1). Governor of Granada (Boabdil) hands keys and title over to Isabela
2). Alhambra= Rules made regarding religion saying hat Jews must convert or leave- so many Muslims/Jews are expelled 3. CC Makes his first voyage to America's with prisoners and Pinzon Brothers- lands in Cuba and is 1st Euro to step into Hispaniola |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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1494-
Line splitting the new/old world up for Spanish and Portuguese (Spanish on West side of line and Portuguese on East side (Africa) and Spanish get canary islands |
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Pedro Cabral
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Portuguese Explorere who was blown off course and landed in Brazil
-Claimed and discovered Brazil in 1500s -Only really used for Brazilwood, until all of the sudden it becomes center of Portuguese world! |
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Columbus and Tainos
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During 1st voyage he leaves his group on Santo Domingo to make a colony
2nd Voyage- they fight with Tainos (1493-96) settle in Hispaniola Creates la Isabela around 1498, a Spanish town off the coast of Santo Domingo Tries taking Indians back and making them slaves 3rd Voyage- Isabela disapproves and doesn't want slaves- making the colony abandoned. ( 1498-1500) Bartolome reports unhappiness so ajudge is sent over to check it out 1500- Take Columbas to Portugal as a prisoner |
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4th voyage of Columbus
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-1502-1504
-4 ships takes, 140 people including his brother and son - Went to find a straight line to the Indies but was caught in numerous storms, hurricanes, sandbars, attacked by people -Ends up in Jamaica, shipwrecked for a year -Nobody on Hispaniola cares b.c don't like him anymore |
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Population of Americas prior 1492
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55 MILLION
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Next 50 years, what percentage died?
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85-90% DIED from disease, warfare, etc.
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Antón Montesinos
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Dominican Friar on island of Hispaniola
-1st clergy member to DENOUNCE all forms of slavery and oppression to indians -Influenced Bartolome de las Casas |
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Laws of Burgos
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1512
Forbid maltreatment of Indians Endorsed their conversion to Catholicism |
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Encomiendas
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Labor system made my Crown
-Encomendero was in charge of a group of natives- taught Spanish and Catholicism -Take tribute from them, labor them for gold, etc. -The health system, pay, area wasn't horrible, so it was okay |
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The New Laws
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1542
Bartolome de las Casas Laws that gave rights and prevented bad treatment of Indians--> regulated Encomienda system |
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6 important laws of the New Laws
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1). No moe enslavement of the Indians
2). No forced labor (is worked, must be paid wage) 3). Public Officals cant control economy 4). Encomiendas cant be inherited past the 4th generation 5). A priest must live in an encomienda and teach about relgiion 6). Indians only pay tribute, otherwise taxed fairly |
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Black Legend
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Manipulated history of Spanish maltreatment of Indians by other groups of people
Says they were the most cruel and the English used it to justify their own colonization -Popular amongst protestans |
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Gonzalo Pizarro
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Wing Man of brother, Francisco
Lead revolts of the New Laws in the 2nd civil war Is govenor of Quito after kills its viceroy Most corrupt and ruthless of all conquistidors in 1548 he is beheaded after be caught and surrendering in battle near Cusco |
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Colonial Spanish American administrative and political forces
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Viceroyalities= center of power, center of colonizations (D.F. and Lima)
Audiencias= court to administrate justice (MX, Guadelaj, Bogota, Santo Domingo, Guate) Provinces= similar to states which have governor and general Minucipalities= Towns/cities/pueblos |
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Colonial American Brazilian administrative/political
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Decentralized power
-Cataincies= 15, 11 donataries to rule them. Horizntally made, only 2 succeed: Pernambuco and Sao Vicente (sugar cane) Donataries= in charge of captaincy adn juridiction of area |
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Regular Clergy
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Sector fo church that follows rules and is very regulated
The Pope is #1 in power Depends on donations from people and gifts, because it is not state funded -Take vows about their work EX: Pope-Provincial-Local Abbotss- Priets/Friars |
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Secular Clergy
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Not members of any special order
Do not take vows Depend on tithes (1/10, tax) Combined force with the State EX: Crown- Arch Bishops- Deans- Parish Priests |
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Inquisition
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1483
Court of Justice made to maintain catholic orthodoxy -Very butal and cruel - Forced religion--> any guilty people were sent to secular segment for punishment - Inquisitor General-- Suprema-- Tribunal -became economic way to get $, especially of wealthy who were possibly secretly practicing other religions |
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Tribunal of Mexo D.F and Lima
Tribunal of Cartegena de Indias |
1579
1610 |
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Carrera de Indias
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Indies to the Americas
-Round trip (triangle) -Fleets could go whenever, leaving from Seville around the 1500s In the 1540s they were put into groups instead, only left at certain times throughout the year |
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Carreira da India
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Connection between Lisbon and India
23,000 miles that took 1.5 years to complete - 1/3 passengers dies during the trip Had to pas through teh doldrums and stop for current along the way Changed a lot of trade between areas |
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Emmigration to Spanish Americas
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What they need:
1) Royal License - signed by King/ Royal Council member, which takes 2-4 months to complete 2) Certificate or temporary license to arrive there 3). Proof of Purity of Blood -Couldn't be a new christian, had to be of no other descendants 4). Record for Notary in City hall, 3 extra to prove no forge - showed you weren't leaving to avoid court.debt - showed you had witnesses to abide (at least 3) |
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% of Illegal Immigration to Americas
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?
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How to illegally migrate
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As a sailor or Sodier
join a ship, get there, jump off at a stop and stop coming to check ins It was very expensive because you had to pay people/bribe them Soldiers and Sailors made up 50% of illegal migration |
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Women as migrants
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Make up 30% of Legal Immigrants
- Made up 15% of all Migrating Iberians - A lot of time the men would go first, then Women would come after everything as set up |
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Marriage to Iberian Woman- incentives
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Stability
Keep Iberian values and traditions Have more power in the society compared to those who were with Indians Lots of remarriage (women would marry old guy, dies, gets their money, etc) |
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Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
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1525- 1867Largest forced migration of humans in history
About 4 African Americans for every 1 European |
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# of Embarked/ disembarked captives during Slave Trade
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12.5 million embarked
10.5 million disembarked 2 million make it |
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Average voyage of the Slave Trade
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Lasted about 2 months
A lot fo space taken up by water casks 12% mortality rate, but it was hard for workers because they had 3X the travels |
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Last Slave Trade Ship
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In 1867, Cuba.
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Abolition of Transatlantic Slate Trade
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Great Britain in 1807-1808
in 1808, US also abolished it 1860s- End of Slave Trade |
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Great Britain's efforts in ending ST
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throughout the next 50 years past 1810, Great Britain made efforts to capture and ST ships
Over 2,000 ships with 120,000 captives taken in 1840- 10% of GB's Navy fights off ST |
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Palmares
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1605-1694= Quilombo of Palmares
Area off the coast of Brazil (Alagoas) with a lot of Palm Trees where runaway slaves would go Largest Fugitive area- slaves were originally free, escaped b/c of problems with Dutch war |
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Population of Palmares
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about 11,000 -20,000 people lived there
90% were said to be from Angola |
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Attempts attaking Palmares down
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6 attempts made by Portuguese between 1680-1686
Finally the republic was taken down in 1694 by Pedro Almeida's forces, governor of Pernabuco. |
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St- Dominigue- 1780
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570,000 people in total
500,000 slaves (90% population) 30,000 Free people fo Color 40,000 White Euros slave revolt led in 1791 |
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Burn!
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British Sir. William Walker instigates slave revolts on Quiemada in the Lesser Antilles- Portuguese Colony
-Attempts to help the British with their sugar cane -Over the years Jose Delores gets to be too strong, he has to return to take him down -Promises schools, finances, health- t go back to orking on fields- says slaves can't govern themselves |
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Of Love and Other Demons
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1700s- Blacks and indians are slaves and segregated amongst others
-Their Santeria is from the "devil" and it shows how Catholicism is the only religion accepted at the time -Maria is sent to the convent, she has beads that are of her tribe and speaks their languages |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 4 "Fire in the Cane" |
Sugar plantations in St. Dominigue- taken down with fire- everything burned and ruined
-Gallifet plantation- center of production- taken down as well -Shows links with French Revolution - August 1791- meetings- on the 21st they started killing, burning. |
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Gallifet plantation
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808 slaves- not many older than 60
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Date of slave revolt in Haiti
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August 24 1791- sunday/holiday- no work
People couldn't contain themselves, so attacked Mossut at La Gosette and in Acul- making the plan seem all over the place |
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Bois Caiman ceremony
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Blacks got together and sacrificed a black pig, drank its blood, and slit its throat.
Shows that religious practices were an aid in the insurrection of 1791 -Symbol of spiritual, political epic |
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Romaine la Riviere
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leader of south province on St. Domingue- conducts mass, eggs people on by saying He alrady freed us, masters are denying it
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Insurgents (ch. 4)
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Didn't always have or know how to use weapons
Created camouflage traps and made poisoned arrows Used mattresses to block the bullets from penetrating, and stuck body parts in canons to block them |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 5- New World |
Treaties with Free coloreds
-Free coloreds working with slaves to kill off whites- make alliances with whoever -They had the benefit of being educated - Swiss slaves that joined the free coloreds were taken away, dumped at an island and either executed or died of sickness- betrayed |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 5- New World cont'd |
-Struggles and conflicts were between colors
-When whites were taken in, they were killed in nasty ways- showing the prolonged treatment from what they had previously done - |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 5 |
What will end the uprising?
-- Rights for free people of color- only free/not free- no change with colors |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 6- Defiance |
1792- slave revolts expanded from just Northern Province to West and South
Free coloreds and whites kept using slaves to take over as a tactic -What to do with the slaves?- let them be free, but leaders because police unit to watch over |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 7- Liberty's Land |
1793-
Spain and Britain declare war on France -Spain wants to regain colony |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 7 pt. 2 |
Internal conflict- Sonthonax talks about the slaves willing to fight together ones people admit about tyranny
1793- in august said to be free, enjoy all the same rights -Sonthonax and Poveral made a decision that affected the French as well- French republic got rid of slavery- just citizens now |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 9 |
African Leader- Toussaint Louverture
-Had to make sure people knew he wasn't an enemy of the colored people -Expelled Sonthonax -Pushed all other leaders away after found emancipation- was able to shape the St. Domingue area as he pleased |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 10- Enemies of Liberty |
Toussaint de Louveture- verypractical leader, does what seems fit and will help him
-Made packs with British -Wanted free trade, control of economics -Got sick of dealing with issues, so made papers that released state's authority |
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Avengers of the New World
Chapter 11- War of the South |
Louveture v. Rigaud
-L= Black army -R= Free-coloreds (wealthy) Conquered Rigaud and had control over hispaniola -Put limits on freedom of ex-slaves Became a dictator and based his rule on social hierarchy, forced labor, and violent repression -Helped rebuild coffee plantations by 2/3= good economy |
