Hst 321

Front 1

Gnossos

Back 1

Discovered in 1900 by sir Arthur Evans. capital of Crete. Evans discovered the palace of Minos legendary king according to Homer. The grandeur of this civilization led historians to believe that Gnossos was a powerful naval state. The population at gnossos’ height has been estimated at 17,000 persons

Front 2

Neolithic age

Back 2

Means new stone age circa 7000 BC. Signifies the beginning of cultivation of domesticated plants and animals, moving from hunting and gathering two farming and agriculture and small farming villages begin to grow.

Front 3

Bronze Age

Back 3

Circa 3000 to 1600 B.C.E.. 4000 years after the adoption of agriculture. New technological innovation is bronze. Neolithic craftsmen smelted copper but the pivotal step was adding 10% tint to it to produce bronze. Economies during this time expanded settlements grew larger and so did the wealth power and authority of their leaders, hereditary chiefs.

Front 4

Crete

Back 4

The location of the Minoan civilization, the earliest of Greek civilizations. The palace of Minos in Gnossos owes it’s rise in the second millennium to it’s close contact with the palace kingdoms of the east.

Front 5

Lerna

Back 5

Early bronze age town with stone fortification walls and monumental buildings. Located in Argolis. Historians associate the destruction of Lerna during the middle Bronze Age around 2250 bc with the incursion of a new people who spoke an early form of Greek

Front 6

Indo European’s

Back 6

A name for the ancient migration of peoples during the bronze age circa 4000-2000 BC. These people are known for similarities in languages, which originated in the vast steps north of the black and Caspian Sea’s. These languages spread across Europe and Asia from Ireland to India.

Front 7

Linear a

Back 7

A writing system developed by the cretans comprise of specific signs that stood for the sounds of spoken words in syllables. Linear a writing remains untranslated but it is clear that it was used for keeping economic and administrative record’s

Front 8

Egypt

Back 8

Minoan art and architecture owe large debt to the civilization of Egypt as they even adopted Egyptian conventions for depicting the human form to Minoan tastes. One of the civilizations in the near east that Lent it’s palace culture to Aegean civilizations.

Front 9

Thera

Back 9

The modern island of Santorini north of Crete. A remarkable example of Minoan cultural influence was discovered in 1967 at Akrotiri which was destroyed by a powerful volcanic corruption around 1628 BC. The Minoan art found there is much admired forward sophistication vitality and exuberance.

Front 10

Mycenaean civilization

Back 10

Circa 1550 to 1200 BC. Around 1200 BC almost all the palace centers and towns were attacked and destroyed or abandoned. By shortly after 1100, Mycenaean kingdoms no longer existed.

Front 11

Shaft graves

Back 11

From mycenaean civilization from 1600 to 1500 BC. Deep rectangular pits into which the body’s were lowered, Together with local pottery an arsenal of weapons and other expense of objects including gold jewelry. This is attests to the growth of Mycenaean trade.

Front 12

Tholos

Back 12

From the Mycenaean civilization around 1500 BC the noble families began to enter their dead in the more impressive tholos tomb; a very large stone chamber shape like a beehive. Tholoi were conspicuous signs of the ever increasing power and resources of the leaders

Front 13

Pylos

Back 13

Discovered by Karl Blegen in 1939. Known for an archive room full of linear B tablets. Mycenaean kingdom that reached its zenith between 1400 and 1200. The legendary site of the palace of Nestor from Homer.

Front 14

Megaron

Back 14

The Mycenaeans made the focuses of their palaces (built in the 13th and 14th centuries) a large rectangular hall which was the ceremonial center use for fees councils and reception of visitors. The megaron would survive in the form of a chieftains house during the long dark age that followed and as the essential plan of the Greek temple from the eighth century onward.

Front 15

Hittite empire

Back 15

Highly populated empire with stretched from Anatolian to Egypt during the new Kingdom. Circa 1575 - 1087 BC. Add close contact with the Mycenaeans. The Hittites called the Greeks Ahhiyawa which phoenetically resembles “Achaeans,” the name for the Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy.

Front 16

Hittite empire

Back 16

Highly populated empire with stretched from Anatolian to Egypt during the new Kingdom. Circa 1575 - 1087 BC. Add close contact with the Mycenaeans. The Hittites called the Greeks Ahhiyawa which phoenetically resembles “Achaeans,” the name for the Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy.

Front 17

Ahhiyawa

Back 17

This is what the Hittite archives From the 14th-13th centuries call The Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy. Phonetically similar to Achaeans.

Front 18

Hittite empire

Back 18

Highly populated empire with stretched from Anatolian to Egypt during the new Kingdom. Circa 1575 - 1087 BC. Add close contact with the Mycenaeans. The Hittites called the Greeks Ahhiyawa which phoenetically resembles “Achaeans,” the name for the Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy.

Front 19

Nichoria

Back 19

A dark age village in southwestern Peloponnesus excavated in the 1970s. Nichoria was abandoned around 1200 and came back to life about 1075 as a small village cluster with a peak population of about 200 in the early 19th century BC. It was a humble farming town of 40 or 50 families with good farmland and plenty of pasture for cattle.

Front 20

Lefkandi

Back 20

Once a bustling Mycenaean town that revived after the collapse of the palace systems and prospered during the dark age. Lefkandi is on the island of Euboea and was a wealthy settlement.

Front 21

Geometric style

Back 21

From 900-700 BC. New shapes and new decorative features mark the geometric as a distinctly new period. Circles are replaced by meanders, zigzags, triangles and crosshatches alternated by solid bands and lines.

Front 22

Homer

Back 22

During the revival period, Coming out of the dark ages, homer, a blind oral poet (circa 700-650 BC) composed the Iliad and the odyssey. It is unknown just how much of these Epix are historically true and what is fiction, but homers stories stuck with the Greeks nonetheless and led to what is known as homeric values and society.

Front 23

Homeric epics

Back 23

The Iliad and the Odyssey, written by oral poet homer Cerca 700 to 650 B.C. Written in dactylic hexameter.Homers epics are set in the age of heroes which was during the Mycenaeans civilization just before the legendary Trojan war. Historians do not know if the Epix tell us anything about actual Greek society or if they are pure fiction. However homers description of the Trojan war inspired Henry Schliemann to find a Troy.

Front 24

Oral poetry

Back 24

And oral poet was a skilled storyteller who sang or chanted in verse before an audience to the accompaniment of a string instrument called a kitharis. The best example of an oral poet is homer.

Front 25

Trojan war

Back 25

Set in the age of heroes a.k.a. the Mycenaean civilization supposedly around 1250 to 1200 BC According to Homer. The tale of the Trojan war is a simple folk saga and love story. Paris the son of King priam of Troye seduced and brought back to troy the beautiful Helen the wife of menelaus the ruler of the Spartans. To avenge the insult Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon went to war with Troy and destroy the city after a ten-year siege. It is unknown how much of homers epic is historical or fiction.

Front 26

Helen

Back 26

The beautiful wife of Menelaus the ruler of the Spartans in homers epic. Helen leaving Sparta with Paris the son of the king of troy started the Trojan war, a 10 year siege that destroyed Troy.

Front 27

Paris

Back 27

The idiot son of King Priam ruler of Troye who took the wife of Menelaus the ruler of Sparta and started the ten-year Trojan war.

Front 28

Ahhiyawa

Back 28

This is what the Hittite archives From the 14th-13th centuries call The Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy. Phonetically similar to Achaeans.

Front 29

Wanax

Back 29

According to linear B tablets found in Pylos, the top of the Mycenaean social structure was the king called a wanax. A Wanax was above all a warrior king who took part in the fighting along with his military commander (lawagetas).

Front 30

Minoan Civilization

Back 30

Circa 2600-1450 BC. Bronze age Aegean early Greek civilization located on the island of Crete. The Minoans Preceded and were absorbed by the Mycenaeans. The capital was Gnossos, location of the palace of king Minos. Minoan culture is known for its eloquence and sophistication in art and powerful navy (Thalassocracy). Discovered by sir Arthur Evans in 1900. Overtaken by Mycenaeans in 1450.

Front 31

Mycenae

Back 31

Discovered in 1876 by Henrich Schliemann. The main centre of Aegean civilization, beginning around 1600. Destroyed in 1150 BC.

Front 32

Dark age

Back 32

From 1200-750/700 BC. A period of steep decline and slow recovery that lasted until the eighth century. Characterized by a loss of literacy, art, trade and population

Front 33

Cyprus

Back 33

Island nation ruled by Greece. Exported much copper used to create bronze. Cypros in Greek means “copper.”

Front 34

Proto geometric

Back 34

Pottery style from 1050-900 BC. During the dark age of Greece Potter’s begin to use a compass to draw perfect arcs, half circles and concentric circles.

Front 35

Iron

Back 35

Around 1050 on. Important technological innovation during the dark age. Iron Weapons and tools were harder than bronze and kept their edge better.

Front 36

Basileus

Back 36

Leaders of the small Greek communities of the dark age. Usually translated as king. These chieftains lived in large curved houses called apsidals.

Front 37

Hittite empire

Back 37

Highly populated empire with stretched from Anatolian to Egypt during the new Kingdom. Circa 1575 - 1087 BC. Add close contact with the Mycenaeans. The Hittites called the Greeks Ahhiyawa which phoenetically resembles “Achaeans,” the name for the Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy.

Front 38

Nichoria

Back 38

A dark age village in southwestern Peloponnesus excavated in the 1970s. Nichoria was abandoned around 1200 and came back to life about 1075 as a small village cluster with a peak population of about 200 in the early 19th century BC. It was a humble farming town of 40 or 50 families with good farmland and plenty of pasture for cattle.

Front 39

Lefkandi

Back 39

Once a bustling Mycenaean town that revived after the collapse of the palace systems and prospered during the dark age. Lefkandi is on the island of Euboea and was a wealthy settlement.

Front 40

Geometric style

Back 40

From 900-700 BC. New shapes and new decorative features mark the geometric as a distinctly new period. Circles are replaced by meanders, zigzags, triangles and crosshatches alternated by solid bands and lines.

Front 41

Homer

Back 41

During the revival period, Coming out of the dark ages, homer, a blind oral poet (circa 700-650 BC) composed the Iliad and the odyssey. It is unknown just how much of these Epix are historically true and what is fiction, but homers stories stuck with the Greeks nonetheless and led to what is known as homeric values and society.

Front 42

Homeric epics

Back 42

The Iliad and the Odyssey, written by oral poet homer Cerca 700 to 650 B.C. Written in dactylic hexameter.Homers epics are set in the age of heroes which was during the Mycenaeans civilization just before the legendary Trojan war. Historians do not know if the Epix tell us anything about actual Greek society or if they are pure fiction. However homers description of the Trojan war inspired Henry Schliemann to find a Troy.

Front 43

Oral poetry

Back 43

And oral poet was a skilled storyteller who sang or chanted in verse before an audience to the accompaniment of a string instrument called a kitharis. The best example of an oral poet is homer.

Front 44

Trojan war

Back 44

Set in the age of heroes a.k.a. the Mycenaean civilization supposedly around 1250 to 1200 BC According to Homer. The tale of the Trojan war is a simple folk saga and love story. Paris the son of King priam of Troye seduced and brought back to troy the beautiful Helen the wife of menelaus the ruler of the Spartans. To avenge the insult Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon went to war with Troy and destroy the city after a ten-year siege. It is unknown how much of homers epic is historical or fiction.

Front 45

Helen

Back 45

The beautiful wife of Menelaus the ruler of the Spartans in homers epic. Helen leaving Sparta with Paris the son of the king of troy started the Trojan war, a 10 year siege that destroyed Troy.

Front 46

Paris

Back 46

The idiot son of King Priam ruler of Troye who took the wife of Menelaus the ruler of Sparta and started the ten-year Trojan war.

Front 47

Agamemnon

Back 47

Wanax of Mycenae and brother of Menelaus the ruler of Sparta. Together Menelaus and Agamemnon go to war with the city of Troy after Helen the wife of Menelaus leaves with Paris the son of King Priam of Troy.

Front 48

Ahhiyawa

Back 48

This is what the Hittite archives From the 14th-13th centuries call The Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy. Phonetically similar to Achaeans.

Front 49

Wanax

Back 49

According to linear B tablets found in Pylos, the top of the Mycenaean social structure was the king called a wanax. A Wanax was above all a warrior king who took part in the fighting along with his military commander (lawagetas).

Front 50

Minoan Civilization

Back 50

Circa 2600-1450 BC. Bronze age Aegean early Greek civilization located on the island of Crete. The Minoans Preceded and were absorbed by the Mycenaeans. The capital was Gnossos, location of the palace of king Minos. Minoan culture is known for its eloquence and sophistication in art and powerful navy (Thalassocracy). Discovered by sir Arthur Evans in 1900. Overtaken by Mycenaeans in 1450.

Front 51

Mycenae

Back 51

Discovered in 1876 by Henrich Schliemann. The main centre of Aegean civilization, beginning around 1600. Destroyed in 1150 BC.

Front 52

Dark age

Back 52

From 1200-750/700 BC. A period of steep decline and slow recovery that lasted until the eighth century. Characterized by a loss of literacy, art, trade and population

Front 53

Cyprus

Back 53

Island nation ruled by Greece. Exported much copper used to create bronze. Cypros in Greek means “copper.”

Front 54

Proto geometric

Back 54

Pottery style from 1050-900 BC. During the dark age of Greece Potter’s begin to use a compass to draw perfect arcs, half circles and concentric circles.

Front 55

Iron

Back 55

Around 1050 on. Important technological innovation during the dark age. Iron Weapons and tools were harder than bronze and kept their edge better.

Front 56

Basileus

Back 56

Leaders of the small Greek communities of the dark age. Usually translated as king. These chieftains lived in large curved houses called apsidals.

Front 57

Hittite empire

Back 57

Highly populated empire with stretched from Anatolian to Egypt during the new Kingdom. Circa 1575 - 1087 BC. Add close contact with the Mycenaeans. The Hittites called the Greeks Ahhiyawa which phoenetically resembles “Achaeans,” the name for the Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy.

Front 58

Nichoria

Back 58

A dark age village in southwestern Peloponnesus excavated in the 1970s. Nichoria was abandoned around 1200 and came back to life about 1075 as a small village cluster with a peak population of about 200 in the early 19th century BC. It was a humble farming town of 40 or 50 families with good farmland and plenty of pasture for cattle.

Front 59

Lefkandi

Back 59

Once a bustling Mycenaean town that revived after the collapse of the palace systems and prospered during the dark age. Lefkandi is on the island of Euboea and was a wealthy settlement.

Front 60

Geometric style

Back 60

From 900-700 BC. New shapes and new decorative features mark the geometric as a distinctly new period. Circles are replaced by meanders, zigzags, triangles and crosshatches alternated by solid bands and lines.

Front 61

Homer

Back 61

During the revival period, Coming out of the dark ages, homer, a blind oral poet (circa 700-650 BC) composed the Iliad and the odyssey. It is unknown just how much of these Epix are historically true and what is fiction, but homers stories stuck with the Greeks nonetheless and led to what is known as homeric values and society.

Front 62

Homeric epics

Back 62

The Iliad and the Odyssey, written by oral poet homer Cerca 700 to 650 B.C. Written in dactylic hexameter.Homers epics are set in the age of heroes which was during the Mycenaeans civilization just before the legendary Trojan war. Historians do not know if the Epix tell us anything about actual Greek society or if they are pure fiction. However homers description of the Trojan war inspired Henry Schliemann to find a Troy.

Front 63

Oral poetry

Back 63

And oral poet was a skilled storyteller who sang or chanted in verse before an audience to the accompaniment of a string instrument called a kitharis. The best example of an oral poet is homer.

Front 64

Trojan war

Back 64

Set in the age of heroes a.k.a. the Mycenaean civilization supposedly around 1250 to 1200 BC According to Homer. The tale of the Trojan war is a simple folk saga and love story. Paris the son of King priam of Troye seduced and brought back to troy the beautiful Helen the wife of menelaus the ruler of the Spartans. To avenge the insult Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon went to war with Troy and destroy the city after a ten-year siege. It is unknown how much of homers epic is historical or fiction.

Front 65

Helen

Back 65

The beautiful wife of Menelaus the ruler of the Spartans in homers epic. Helen leaving Sparta with Paris the son of the king of troy started the Trojan war, a 10 year siege that destroyed Troy.

Front 66

Paris

Back 66

The idiot son of King Priam ruler of Troye who took the wife of Menelaus the ruler of Sparta and started the ten-year Trojan war.

Front 67

Agamemnon

Back 67

Wanax of Mycenae and brother of Menelaus the ruler of Sparta. Together Menelaus and Agamemnon go to war with the city of Troy after Helen the wife of Menelaus leaves with Paris the son of King Priam of Troy.

Front 68

Ahhiyawa

Back 68

This is what the Hittite archives From the 14th-13th centuries call The Homeric Greeks who conquered Troy. Phonetically similar to Achaeans.

Front 69

Menelaus

Back 69

The ruler of the Spartans in homers epic about the Trojan war whose wife Helen is stolen from Sparta by Paris son of King Priam of Troy.

Front 70

Homer

Back 70

During the revival period, Coming out of the dark ages, homer, a blind oral poet (circa 700-650 BC) composed the Iliad and the odyssey. It is unknown just how much of these Epix are historically true and what is fiction, but homers stories stuck with the Greeks nonetheless and led to what is known as homeric values.

Front 71

Minoan Civilization

Back 71

Circa 2600-1450 BC. Bronze age Aegean early Greek civilization located on the island of Crete. The Minoans Preceded and were absorbed by the Mycenaeans. The capital was Gnossos, location of the palace of king Minos. Minoan culture is known for its eloquence and sophistication in art and powerful navy (Thalassocracy). Discovered by sir Arthur Evans in 1900. Overtaken by Mycenaeans in 1450.

Front 72

Mycenae

Back 72

Discovered in 1876 by Henrich Schliemann. The main centre of Aegean civilization, beginning around 1600. Destroyed in 1150 BC.

Front 73

Dark age

Back 73

From 1200-750/700 BC. A period of steep decline and slow recovery that lasted until the eighth century. Characterized by a loss of literacy, art, trade and population

Front 74

Cyprus

Back 74

Island nation ruled by Greece. Exported much copper used to create bronze. Cypros in Greek means “copper.”

Front 75

Proto geometric

Back 75

Pottery style from 1050-900 BC. During the dark age of Greece Potter’s begin to use a compass to draw perfect arcs, half circles and concentric circles.

Front 76

Iron

Back 76

Around 1050 on. Important technological innovation during the dark age. Iron Weapons and tools were harder than bronze and kept their edge better.

Front 77

Basileus

Back 77

Leaders of the small Greek communities of the dark age. Usually translated as king. These chieftains lived in large curved houses called apsidals.

Front 78

Demos

Back 78

In homers’ Greece, Geographically independent region of various size. The word denotes both the territory itself and the people who inhabit it.It would contain several settlements towns and villages along with their joining farmlands and pastors.

Front 79

Oikos

Back 79

The smallest unit of dark age society; the household. The Oikos was the center of a person’s existence and every member was preoccupied with its preservation, economic well-being and family standing. The word Oikos signified not only the house itself but the family the land and livestock and all property including the slaves.

Front 80

Klēros

Back 80

Literally means an allotment. The main economic resource for each of the families in a village or town: it’s ancestral plot of farmland. Without land a man was not considered as in us then he could not marry or vote.

Front 81

Chiefdom

Back 81

In this case a chief is a basileus, and a chiefdom is the patrilineal line of ruling power. Not an absolute monarchy. The chief must be competent to for fill his role as leader of the people in war and peace. He should be both a good warrior and persuasive speaker. In Homer achieved status is measured by how many warriors follow him. His followers or known as hetairoi.

Front 82

Xenia

Back 82

Literally “guest friendship.” Xenia was a mutual bond of friendship and trust between individuals who belong to separate dēmoi. Xenia was more than just hospitality: its duties extended to protection and diplomatic aid. This is how foreign relations among epic heroes are often conducted

Front 83

Yroy

Back 83

Also known as Ilion, or Taruisa in Hittite texts. The location of the legendary 10 years siege of Troye by the Achaean warriors after the kidnapping of Helen of Sparta. Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in the 1870s at the hill of Hisarlik which archaeologists call Troy 6.

Front 84

Timē

Back 84

From male Homeric values. One’s timē is one’s value and worth, respect and honor. Warriors compete with one another in the art of killing because being good at slaughtering and pillaging brings honor and glory as well as wealth.

Front 85

Theogany

Back 85

Written by Hesiod circa seventh century. Traces a genealogical history of the gods. Hesiod wrote that creation was essentially the separation of an originally undifferentiated mass into its component forces conceived as deities. He traces the history of the Olympian gods ruled by Zeus who are the descendants of the physical universe and embodied the forces of nature: i.e. Zeus in effect was the sky. The divine world mirrors the human condition.

Front 86

Phoenicians

Back 86

Some of the first people from the near east to develop a navy and sail most of the Mediterranean establishing relations with cities for trade purposes. Developed the first alphabet circa 1200 BC, from which the Greeks derived their alphabet at the end of the dark ages with the re-expansion of trade in the 8th century.

Front 87

Greek alphabet

Back 87

The most significant cultural achievement of the late dark age (circa 750-700 bc). Greeks borrowed letters from the Phoenician alphabet, a Semitic script, and changed some signs into vowels, making the Greek alphabet largely phonetic. Perhaps the Greeks developed the alphabet for the express purpose of writing down epic poetry or perhaps it was used for commercial and other utilitarian purposes. Contained about 24 letters but varied throughout the Greek speaking world.

Front 88

Panhellenic

Back 88

And eighth century phenomenon that was the rise of religious sanctuary and festivals that were not merely local but attracted worshipers from all over the Greek world. The most famous were those of Zeus and Hera at Olympia, of Apollo and Artemis at Delos, and the oracles of Zeus at Dodona and of Apollo at Delphi (the pythia). In 776, the first Panhellenic games were held- the olympics for Zeus

Front 89

Klēros

Back 89

Literally means an allotment. The main economic resource for each of the families in a village or town: it’s ancestral plot of farmland. Without land a man was not considered as in us then he could not marry or vote.

Front 90

Chiefdom

Back 90

In this case a chief is a basileus, and a chiefdom is the patrilineal line of ruling power. Not an absolute monarchy. The chief must be competent to for fill his role as leader of the people in war and peace. He should be both a good warrior and persuasive speaker. In Homer achieved status is measured by how many warriors follow him. His followers or known as hetairoi.

Front 91

Xenia

Back 91

Literally “guest friendship.” Xenia was a mutual bond of friendship and trust between individuals who belong to separate dēmoi. Xenia was more than just hospitality: its duties extended to protection and diplomatic aid. This is how foreign relations among epic heroes are often conducted

Front 92

Yroy

Back 92

Also known as Ilion, or Taruisa in Hittite texts. The location of the legendary 10 years siege of Troye by the Achaean warriors after the kidnapping of Helen of Sparta. Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in the 1870s at the hill of Hisarlik which archaeologists call Troy 6.

Front 93

Timē

Back 93

From male Homeric values. One’s timē is one’s value and worth, respect and honor. Warriors compete with one another in the art of killing because being good at slaughtering and pillaging brings honor and glory as well as wealth.

Front 94

Theogany

Back 94

Written by Hesiod circa seventh century. Traces a genealogical history of the gods. Hesiod wrote that creation was essentially the separation of an originally undifferentiated mass into its component forces conceived as deities. He traces the history of the Olympian gods ruled by Zeus who are the descendants of the physical universe and embodied the forces of nature: i.e. Zeus in effect was the sky. The divine world mirrors the human condition.

Front 95

Phoenicians

Back 95

Some of the first people from the near east to develop a navy and sail most of the Mediterranean establishing relations with cities for trade purposes. Developed the first alphabet circa 1200 BC, from which the Greeks derived their alphabet at the end of the dark ages with the re-expansion of trade in the 8th century.

Front 96

Greek alphabet

Back 96

The most significant cultural achievement of the late dark age (circa 750-700 bc). Greeks borrowed letters from the Phoenician alphabet, a Semitic script, and changed some signs into vowels, making the Greek alphabet largely phonetic. Perhaps the Greeks developed the alphabet for the express purpose of writing down epic poetry or perhaps it was used for commercial and other utilitarian purposes. Contained about 24 letters but varied throughout the Greek speaking world.

Front 97

Panhellenic

Back 97

And eighth century phenomenon that was the rise of religious sanctuary and festivals that were not merely local but attracted worshipers from all over the Greek world. The most famous were those of Zeus and Hera at Olympia, of Apollo and Artemis at Delos, and the oracles of Zeus at Dodona and of Apollo at Delphi (the pythia). In 776, the first Panhellenic games were held- the olympics for Zeus

Front 98

Archaic period

Back 98

750/700 to 480 BC. New forms of literary artistic and intellectual expression rise in population and foundation of colonies. Inter-Greek warfare.

Front 99

Klēros

Back 99

Literally means an allotment. The main economic resource for each of the families in a village or town: it’s ancestral plot of farmland. Without land a man was not considered as in us then he could not marry or vote.

Front 100

Polis

Back 100

City state. A defined geographical area comprising a city and it’s adjacent territory which together make up a single self-governing political unit.

Front 101

Chiefdom

Back 101

In this case a chief is a basileus, and a chiefdom is the patrilineal line of ruling power. Not an absolute monarchy. The chief must be competent to for fill his role as leader of the people in war and peace. He should be both a good warrior and persuasive speaker. In Homer achieved status is measured by how many warriors follow him. His followers or known as hetairoi.

Front 102

Xenia

Back 102

Literally “guest friendship.” Xenia was a mutual bond of friendship and trust between individuals who belong to separate dēmoi. Xenia was more than just hospitality: its duties extended to protection and diplomatic aid. This is how foreign relations among epic heroes are often conducted

Front 103

Yroy

Back 103

Also known as Ilion, or Taruisa in Hittite texts. The location of the legendary 10 years siege of Troye by the Achaean warriors after the kidnapping of Helen of Sparta. Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in the 1870s at the hill of Hisarlik which archaeologists call Troy 6.

Front 104

Timē

Back 104

From male Homeric values. One’s timē is one’s value and worth, respect and honor. Warriors compete with one another in the art of killing because being good at slaughtering and pillaging brings honor and glory as well as wealth.

Front 105

Theogany

Back 105

Written by Hesiod circa seventh century. Traces a genealogical history of the gods. Hesiod wrote that creation was essentially the separation of an originally undifferentiated mass into its component forces conceived as deities. He traces the history of the Olympian gods ruled by Zeus who are the descendants of the physical universe and embodied the forces of nature: i.e. Zeus in effect was the sky. The divine world mirrors the human condition.

Front 106

Phoenicians

Back 106

Some of the first people from the near east to develop a navy and sail most of the Mediterranean establishing relations with cities for trade purposes. Developed the first alphabet circa 1200 BC, from which the Greeks derived their alphabet at the end of the dark ages with the re-expansion of trade in the 8th century.

Front 107

Greek alphabet

Back 107

The most significant cultural achievement of the late dark age (circa 750-700 bc). Greeks borrowed letters from the Phoenician alphabet, a Semitic script, and changed some signs into vowels, making the Greek alphabet largely phonetic. Perhaps the Greeks developed the alphabet for the express purpose of writing down epic poetry or perhaps it was used for commercial and other utilitarian purposes. Contained about 24 letters but varied throughout the Greek speaking world.

Front 108

Archaic period

Back 108

750/700 to 480 BC. New forms of literary artistic and intellectual expression rise in population and foundation of colonies. Inter-Greek warfare between “polis” city states.

Front 109

Archaic period

Back 109

750/700 to 480 BC. New forms of literary artistic and intellectual expression rise in population and foundation of colonies. Inter-Greek warfare.

Front 110

Synoecism

Back 110

Political unification. Sun-oik-ismos - uniting the oikoi. Tying the main town and outlying villages together into a single political unit was merely a matter of making formal the ancient ties of kinship and neighborliness

Front 111

Aristocracy

Back 111

The land owners in archaic early cities states who are the planners and architects of the new centralized government.

Front 112

Oligarchy

Back 112

Ruled by the few. The powerful families in archaic Greek city states divided up the spheres of authority.

Front 113

Colony

Back 113

Greek colonization began in the mid-eighth century and continued for more than two centuries. By 500 B.C.E. the Greek world Spanish from Spain in the west to the black sea in the East and the northern coast of Africa. A colony had a mother city that had to choose a site for the colony a panda vine approval for it planned the settlement and choose its founder.

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Colony

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Greek colonization began in the mid-eighth century and continued for more than two centuries. By 500 B.C.E. the Greek world Spanish from Spain in the west to the black sea in the East and the northern coast of Africa. A colony had a mother city that had to choose a site for the colony a panda vine approval for it planned the settlement and choose its founder.

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Hoi agathoi

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The good. The property owning classes in archaic Greek city states called them selves this.

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Colony

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Greek colonization began in the mid-eighth century and continued for more than two centuries. By 500 B.C.E. the Greek world Spanish from Spain in the west to the black sea in the East and the northern coast of Africa. A colony had a mother city that had to choose a site for the colony a panda vine approval for it planned the settlement and choose its founder.

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Hoi agathoi

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The good. The property owning classes in archaic Greek city states called them selves this.

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Hoi kakoi

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The property owning classes in archaic Greek city states called those outside the land of nobility the bad

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Hoplites

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In the arcade. Beginning about 650 BC, Polis armies were made up of heavily armored foot soldiers called hoplites arranging a tightly packed formation the phalanx which evolved from a looser type of mass formation. Carried up to 70 lbs of armor.

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Tyranny

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From the Greek tyrannis; the first serious challenge to the oligarchic rule in the archaic age. The age of tyrants lasted from about 670 to 500 BC. A tyrant was what we call a dictator today: a single ruler who lacked the legitimacy of the basileus. The name was likely borrowed from the Lydians.

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Bacchiads

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Cypselus (circa 657-627) Was the tyrant of the prominent clan of the backyards.

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Agora

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The gathering place. A large open space at or near the city center that became the marketplace and public space of the city. This was where male citizens congregated to do business gossip and make political deals.

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Lyric poetry

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The seventh and sixth centuries in archaic Greece. Lyric poetry was about everything that pertain to communal and private life. Some poems were accompanied by a liar hence lyric. Most archaic lyric poetry was not coral it was personal and subject and tell him.

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Korē and Kouros

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Monumental life-size statues made of marble and bronze in the archaic period. Archaic statues are in the form of a naked young male kouros or young maiden Korē

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Sappho

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Late seventh century. The only known women poet from archaic period. And one of the few in all of ancient Greek literature. A member of a prominent aristocratic family from the island of lezbo‘s.

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Electrum

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Coins from the late seventh century from the kingdom of Lydia were made up of an alloy of gold silver and a trace of copper known as electrum.

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Laconia

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The southern Peloponnesus and the location of Sparta. An important center in the bronze age.

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Helots

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The original inhabitants of a Laconian plain reduced to hereditary subjects of the spartan state when Sparta took over Messenia in the 8th century. Treated terribly as lower than slaves. The subject of organized murderers and other violence

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Lacedaemon

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The name for Sparta in antiquity.

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Perioeci

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Those who dwell around Sparta or neighbors. The inhabitants of Laconia who occupied the surrounding city of Sparta they remain free unlike the helots they were not permitted to participate in the government and had to serve in the army,but they did enjoy some local autonomy. They constituted an essential part of the Spartan economic system as craftsmen and merchants while the Spartans trained

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Messenia

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The Spartans invaded Messinia in the eighth century because the coveted the fertile low lands. Historians call this the first mezzanine war. It lasted 20 years and ended about 720 BC. Most of the mess in the ends became helots. The messanians revolted again in 669 B.C.E.

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Lycurgua

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A legendary ruler of Sparta to home most of the spartan institutions are ascribed including men’s dining groups, the organization of the population by age cohorts, and the use of iron money. He redefines spartan life to deal with the HELOT problem. His regime can be seen as totalitarian.

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Ephebes

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Name for youths in Sparta. From the age of seven boys left home to be trained in groups called Herds according to principals designed to encourage conformity obedience group solidarity and military skills. the emphasis in boys school was practicing enduring hardships and to fend for themselves as they became hoplite soldiers

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Ephebes

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Name for youths in Sparta. From the age of seven boys left home to be trained in groups called Herds according to principals designed to encourage conformity obedience group solidarity and military skills. the emphasis in boys school was practicing enduring hardships and to fend for themselves as they became hoplite soldiers

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Ephors

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Magistrates called Ephors (Meaning overseers) were elected by acclamation from candidates over the age of 30. They supervise the Kings and represented the principle of law. There were five of them elected annually. Their names were eponymous. They exercise total control over the education of the young and enforce the iron discipline of Sparta. They were in charge of the krypteia, a secret police force designed to control the helots.

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Syssition

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Means a dining group or mess hall. The spartan man ate his meals with about 15 members of his army group and experience which fostered loyalty and cooperative and is exceptional in hoplite warfare. Each member was obliged to contribute a fixed quantity of food and drink. Spartan man had to eat here every night until they were 30.

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Plutarch

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Circa 45 to 127 AD. A Greek biographer and SAS from whom we gather much of our information about ancient Greece especially and biographies of great man and on Sparta.

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Xenophon

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Circa 400 BC. Native of Athens. Historian. Student of Socrates. Wrote about Sparta.

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Homoioi

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Meaning Peers or men of equal status. This is what the Spartans referred to themselves as they had a goal of equality.

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Homoioi

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Meaning Peers or men of equal status. This is what the Spartans referred to themselves as they had a goal of equality.

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Gerousia

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The council of gerontes, or elders. Composed of 28 men over the age of 60 who serve for the rest of their lives. Election into this council was the highest order to which a spartan could aspire.

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Krypteia

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Secret police force designed to control the helots. this feature of government was unique to Sparta among Greek cities. Young men were sent out for a year to spy on the helots and were encouraged to kill any helots they caught. The Ephors declared war against that he likes annually making it possible for the Spartans to kill them without incurring the charge of homicide.

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Peloponnesian League

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A spartan ruled alliance formed around 500 BC between Sparta and its allies. League included all the states in the Peloponnesus except Argos and achaea. The purpose of the league was mutual protection. Each state pledged to contribute forces in case of war.The league remained in existence until the 360s when thebes defeated Sparta.