Hst 306 Final Exam

Front 1

U.S. Constitution

Back 1

55 men from 12 states representing the social and economic elite of America helped to build the foundation of America. They gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and designed this document provides the general principle and basic framework of government. This document held importance because it set the groundwork for what America would become and moved America towards federal elections for Congress and the presidency.

Front 2

Bill of Rights

Back 2

After various state ratification conventions Madison worked to create a list of rights that was introduced to Congress and passed in 1791. These first ten amendments to the Constitution have influenced American citizens by protecting them from a government who could potentially gain to much power over citizens.

Front 3

George Washington

Back 3

Inaugurated as the first president of the United States in 1789 he shaped the structure of the American state. He firmly adhered to the letter of the Constitution and believed in the importance of national unity.

Front 4

The Whiskey Rebellion

Back 4

In the summer of 1794 frontiersmen in the west were frustrated with the federal excise tax on whiskey. This added to their frustration with the inability of the federal government to subdue Indians, remove the British and come to terms with Spanish for use of the Mississippi. This pushed Washington to react, through which he demonstrated hist commitment to the preservation of the Union and the protection of the western boundary.

Front 5

The Battle of Fallen Timbers

Back 5

In response to the defeat of St. Clair Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to lead an American force to subdue the Indian confederacy. His defeat on 20 August 1794 of the Indian confederacy helped to secure the Northwest.

Front 6

The Treaty of Greenville

Back 6

In 1795 representatives of 12 Indian nations ceded a huge territory which includes much of present-day Ohio, Indiana and other areas such as Detroit and Chicago (which were then small settlements).

Front 7

Citizen Edmond Genet

Back 7

In 1793 this French ambassador arrived. Many, including Washington, felt sympathy for republican France. on 22 April 1793 Washington announced Americana neutrality. Even challenged by Genet's demands Washington held to the importance of American neutrality. Genet remained in the United States.

Front 8

XYZ Affair

Back 8

Rising tensions between the United States and France led to dispatches sent reporting French foreign ministries demands for bribery before negotiating. Adam's released the documents in 1798 after changing the letter X, Y, and Z to substitute for the agents names. This sent Adam's popularity soaring.

Front 9

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 9

In summer of 1798 the Federalist majority in Congress passed 4 acts limiting many freedoms and the liberty of foreigners in the United States. The Alien Act and the Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to order the imprisonment or deportation of suspected aliens during wartime. The Sedition Act provided heavy fines and imprisonment for anyone convicted of writing, publishing, or speaking anything of "a false, scandalous and malicious" nature against the government.

Front 10

Marbury v Madison

Back 10

1803 decision by Chief Justice John Marshall. This decision defended the independence of the judiciary and the principle of judicial review. Marshall also conceded that the Supreme Court could not force the executive branch to appoint judges to positions that no longer existed.

Front 11

John Marshall

Back 11

Chief Justice from 1801-35. He established the principle that only the federal judiciary could decide what was constitutional. This helped realize the three-part balance of power envisaged in the Constitution among the executive, legislative and judicial branch. Marshall led Supreme Court in decisions that favored federal government over state governments. Under his direction the Supreme Court became a powerful nationalizing and unifying force.

Front 12

Louisiana Purchase

Back 12

Through growing fear that French control in the west would choke growing American trade on the Mississippi Jefferson worked to purchase New Orleans and the surrounding area. Napoleon's interest turned closer to home and monroe and Livingston purchased the entire Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million in Paris in April 1803. Jefferson would claim that this expansion was essential to liberty.

Front 13

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Back 13

President Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to survey the Louisiana Purchase and find an overland route to the Pacific Ocean. They also hope to challenge British economic control by building relationships with Native Americans tribes.

Front 14

James Madison

Back 14

Fourth president of the United States (1751-1836). He was instrumental in drafting the Constitution and author of the Bill of Rights. A federalist he helped write the Federalist Papers and helped supervise the Louisiana Purchase. As president he led the nation into the War of 1812.

Front 15

War of 1812

Back 15

2.5 years between US & UK. Resolved many issues remaining from the American War of Independence. No boundary changes. This war came from trade restrictions, impressment of American merchant sailors, British alliance with Indian tribes, and more. Changed much between US and UK.

Front 16

Alexander Hamilton

Back 16

Delegate of Constitutional convention. Author of federalist papers. US first secretary of the treasury. 1777 became Washington's assistant.

Front 17

Thomas Jefferson

Back 17

Principle author of the Declaration of Independence. Third president of US (1801-1809). Spokesman for democracy, embraced principles of republicanism and rights of man with worldwide influence. Opposition to Federalism. Organized the Democratic-Republican party. He oversaw the purchase of the Louisiana Territory and sent Lewis and Clark on their Expedition of this land. Primary architect for America's growth.

Front 18

Barbary Wars

Back 18

Late 18th - early 19th century. US v Barbary states (North Africa). Barbary pirates demand tribute from American merchant vessels in Mediterranean. Without tribute ships would be attacked.