Hst 101 Exam 1

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Cargo

Back 1

the results of civilization

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Domestication

Back 2

plants, animals,settled agriculture. it was these that formed settled communities there for civilizations

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systems collapse

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collapse of the bronze era (look into more)

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Mycenaean Civilization

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civilization that flourished near 1600BC, part of Bronze age, city had massive walls as defense form from outsiders. significance: first to use linear writing

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Big Man

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a society that the power centralizes around a strong and powerful male who must earn power (bureaucratic vs. big man) when current big man died he was replaced with the next big man. signification:change of organization in politics from bronze age, during the dark ages power went back to big man method. Homer,illiad

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Polis

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city-state, city-physical place where people live, state-society cam together through lawas and government. Developed in the dark ages (1200-800bc) developed from the ethno (country side to urban). Significance: went beyond the family and became a community, very different from the bronze age governments.

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Assembly (ekklesia)

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found in both Sparta and Athens, Sparta:mad eup of equals. Athens:all male citizens were involved. Significance: had power over the smaller boule (counsel) sheds light on the complex structure of the polis

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Persian Wars

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early 5th century bc, consists of two campaigns against Greek cities, lead by daris I and xerxes. Significance: brief unification of Greece against the Persians, began the identity of the Greeks as a society

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Herodotus

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420’s BC, father of history (chose a single topic, research methods, explored causes) significance: began the tradition of historiography, preserved the past and influence historians

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Battle of Salamis

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Athenians against the Persians, strait of salamis, the Athenians defeated the Persian fleet (forced xerxes to return to Persia) Significance: Athens became a dominant society, confirmed their dominance as a naval power and brought unity to the society.

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Peloponnesian War

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431-404BC Athens against Sparta with Sparta winning. the exhaustion of Athens and Sparta after the war left a vacuum of power in the Aegean. the war raised questions about the nature of politics and society throughout the Greek world. Plato's philosophy was a response to the post-war world. Macedonia under King Philip took advantage of the weakness of the two cities

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Eleutheria

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freedom (from..) ancient and modern greek term. Significance: some believe that Socrates and plato did not value “freedom”, Socrates did not encourage freedom of speech, at Socrates trial he rather die in obedience to law

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Thales of Miletus

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early 500’s BC, regarded as the first philosopher in Greek tradition. Significance: attempted to explain ideas without reference to mythology, beginning of Socratic Greek philosophers

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Cosmos, cosmology

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cosmos:Greek word for the world to be in order, cosmology: is the study of the cosmos. Significance: critical concept for the presocratic philosophers and their study, find out what the universe was

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King Philip II of Macedon

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382-336 BC, father of Alexander the great, changed infantry tactics, unified Macedonia. Significance: infantry tactics changed warfare (Macedonia phalanx), trained his song Alexander to rule well, end of the Greek polis world

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Battle of Chaeronea

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late 338BC, king Philip against the Greeks, a fraction of his force defeated the poleis. Significance: ended the Greek polis, league of Corinth was created

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Rape of Lucretia

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takes place in Rome, lucretia gets raped by a prince, so upset she stabs herself and her husband seeks revenge. Significance: led to the end of the regal period in Rome, established the Roman republic

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Consuls

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powers from the king given to a counsel, date back to the establishment of the republic. Significance: initially reserved for patricians but plebeians won the right, utilized in time of war for military skills

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Mos Maiorum

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Ancestral Customs, return to tradition significance: ancient Romans gained their social norms, principals such as behavior and social practices, antiquarians (interested in the past but not examining it)

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Pietas

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- “responsibility”, value in roman tradition, the conduct of a man needed to be towards the Gods and fellow people respectfully. Significance: examples in roman literature (Virgil) and in politics

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Eschatology

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study of the end of things or the end of the world, Christian faith: study of man. Significance: Christ followers would study and use this while informing others of their religion, PAUL!!!!

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Paul of Tarsus

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5-67AD, paul the apostle, spread Christianity to cities and towns. Significance: helped spread Christianity from Jerusalem all the way to Rome

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Orthodoxy

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Greek orthos, straight or correct thinking, used to determine doctrines that had the right way of thinking. Significance: Constantine I to set the standards of a homogenous religion

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third-Century Crisis

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- internal and external struggles, political social and economic structures transformed, too much expansion all over the place. Significance: strained the economic system( coinage), failure to establish a stable political base and no succession line

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Diocletian

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ruled 284-305 AD, reorganized the empire and changed the succession, increased the size of the army, established the tetrarchy. Significance: divided the empire into east and west and established a constant division in the empire, reforms strengthened Rome (avoided civil wars)

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Constantine I

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ruled 306-337, first Christian emperor, established the capital of Constantinople, reveres the persecution of Christians. Significance: empire let Christians openly announce and practice their faith (made pagan rituals illegal), capital was the heart of the empire for decades

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Apologists

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defenders of the faith, recommended their faith to others, Justin Martyr and Irenaeus. Significance: helped spread Christianity even more throughout the empire

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Council of Nicaea

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325 AD, council of Christian bishops, met under Constantine I. Significance: first effort to create a uniformed doctrine (Nicene creed)

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Tetrarchy

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established by Dioclectian, 4 part division of the Roman empire, “Augustus” and “Caesars” Significance: effort to give out power to multiple people instead of just one person, attempt to stabilize the government

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Presocratic philosophers

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they not only described but could explain, they would ask themselves if its interior, systematic, economic, simple?