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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A group of bacteria including the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy.
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Mycobacteria
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Characterized by a high content of lipids (waxes).
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Mycobacteria
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Renders mycobacteria more resistant to disinfectants and interferes with the Gram stain.
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wax coat
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Most species do not take the gram stain.
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Mycobacteria
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A special procedure used for staining mycobacteria.
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Ziehl-Neelsen (Z/N)
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An acid fast baccillus that causes chronic, slow progressing, infection.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Stages of Tuberculosis
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Primary, Post-Primary, Immunity
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After the inhalation of aerosols containing tubercle bacilli, bacteria..
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..reach the lung alveoli and start multiplying.
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The inhalation of aerosols containing tubercle bacilli occurs during this sage of Tuberculosis.
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Primary tuberculosis
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Tubercle bacilli survive inside..
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macrophages.
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Macrophages are mobilized, injested, and then move to the..
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hilar lymph nodes.
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The complex formed by the local lesion in the lung, the draining lymphatics, and the reacting (enlarged) lymph nodes is called..
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the primary complex.
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This phase of infection is not apparent in most cases.
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Primary tuberculosis.
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During the primary infection some tubercle bacilli escape in the..
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lymphatics and blood stream.
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Tubercle bacilli that escape into the lymphatics and blood stream can reach the lungs, bones, kidneys, meninges, etc. and produce..
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microscopic foci of infection.
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After about 6 weeks the cell mediated immunity (CMI) becomes fully active and..
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stops the infection and walls in the microscopic lesions.
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Cell medicated immunity (CMI) becomes fully active after infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in about..
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six weeks.
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The primary complex heals as well as the ___ resulting from dissemination.
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foci
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Tubercle bacilli can survive in foci and..
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eventually reactivate months or years later.
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Controlled by the CMI (cell medicated immunity).
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foci
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Latent infection and active CMI (cell mediated immune system) is reflected in a..
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positive tuberculin test.
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A protein obtained by concentrating and purifying the liquid culture medium in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis has previously grown.
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Tuberculin.
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The crude preparation of tuberculin.
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Old Tuberculin (OT)
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The purified preparation of Tuberculin that is now in use.
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Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)
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Early dissemination results in _______ _______, ________ _______, or ________ in a small number of cases.
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pleural effusions, miliary tuberculosis, and/or meningitis.
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Occasionally primary infection can progress into..
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tuberculosis pneumonia.
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A late reactivation of silent lesions in hosts who have developed a certain degree of immunity.
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Post-primary tuberculosis
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An increased proportion of post-primary tuberculosis is found in patients with..
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AIDS.
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Percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis who enter the post-primary tuberculosis stage.
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5%.
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Type of course run by post-primary tuberculosis.
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chronic.
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The most important reaction to M. tuberculosis.
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cell mediated immunity (CMI)
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Cell mediated immunity is evidenced in reaction to M. tuberculosis by..
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positive tuberculin test.
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The most widely used tuberculin test.
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Mantoux test.
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Amount of tuberculin solution injected strictly intradermally into the medial area of the forearm.
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0.1 ml
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During the Mantoux test, tuberculin solution is injected in this area.
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strictly intradermally into the medial area of the forearm.
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Read during the Maxtoux test.
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the widest transverse diameter of induration, disregarding redness.
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The diameter of iduriation in the Mantoux test is measured in this unit.
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mm
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The result of the Maxtoux test is determined in this time frame after administration.
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48-72 hours.
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Measurement of a positive tuberculin test.
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10 mm or larger
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Measurement of a doubtful tuberculin test.
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5-9 mm
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Measurement of a negative tuberculin test.
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4 mm or smaller.
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In most cases, a doubtful result in a tuberculin test is due to..
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cross reactions with other mycobacteria.
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Does not necessarily diagnose active infection of M. tuberculosis, just that the pt has been infected at some time.
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a positive tuberculin test.
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An important step in the presumptive diagnosis of M. tuberculosis because of the long time taken by the cultures.
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Microscopic examination of sputum smears.
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Sputum smears in testing for M/ tuberculosis are stained by one of these two systems.
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fluorescent dyes or Ziehl-Neelsen.
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Cultures of M. tuberculosis on special media usually take this amount of time to show growth.
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3-6 weeks.
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Cultures of M. tuberculosis on special media are usually kept for this amount of time.
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8 weeks.
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Cultures that test positive for M. tuberculosis are tested for sensitivity to these types of drugs.
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antituberculous drugs.
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Mycobacteria that are occasionally isolated from patients with chronic pulmonary disease and are indistinguishable from tuberculosis.
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Non-tuberculous or atypical mycobacteria
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Atypical mycobacteria show higher resistance to these types of drugs.
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antituberculous drugs.
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A common cause of lymphadenitis in children.
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M. scrofulaceum
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Common cause of skin infections.
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M. marinum
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Common cause of soft tissue abscesses.
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M. fortuitum
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Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria usually give rise to this result in a tuberculin test.
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doubtful positive (5-9 mm)
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Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial infections are seen with increased frequency in these patients.
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immunocompromised or immunosuppressed
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Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent in this disease.
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leprosy or Hansen's disease
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Leprosy is also called..
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Hansen's disease.
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THe two types of leprosy are..
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tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy.
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Characterized by few erythmatous plaques, having flat centres and raised edges, peripheral nerve damage with complete sensory loss, and visible nerve enlargement.
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Tuberculoid leprosy.
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Tissues infected with this have many lymphocytes and granulomas, but very few bacilli, and low infectivity.
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Tuberculoid leprosy.
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Type of leprosy with low infectivity.
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Tuberculoid leprosy.
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Characterized by many erythmatous macules, papules, and nodules, severe tissue destruction, patchy sensory loss, and visible nerve enlargement.
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Leprotamous leprosy.
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Tissues infected with this type of leprosy have many baccili present.
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Leprotamous leprosy.
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Type of leprosy with high infectivity.
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Leprotamous leprosy.
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Transmission of this disease usually occurs human to human via respiratory droplets, but in some rare cases can be spread by animal reservoirs.
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leprosy.
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This method is used to diagnose lepromatous M. leprae.
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microscopy.
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This method is used to diagnose tuberculoid M. leprae.
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skin testing.
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This is used to treat the tuberculoid form of leprosy.
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Dapsone combined with rifampin.
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This is used to treat lepromatous leprosy.
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Dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine.
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