Hsf: Connective Tissues

Front 1

Connective tissues consist of cells dispersed in an ________ _________ _______.

Back 1

-Extensive Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Front 2

What is ECM composed of?

Back 2

-Amorphous ground substance (water and soluble proteins)
-Fibrous proteins: collagen and elastic fibers

Front 3

The ECM holds considerable amounts of _____ and is highly ______ in most kinds of connective tissue.

Back 3

-Water
-Vascular

Front 4

Functions of Connective Tissues (4)

Back 4

-Support
-Nutrition
-Storage
-Immunologic Defense

Front 5

2 Classes of Macromolecules of the ECM

Back 5

-Fibers (ex: collagen)--> Strength
-Ground Substance

Front 6

Ground Substance (def)

Back 6

-Hydrated gel that resists compression
-Permits exchange of wastes in the tissue fluid

Front 7

Macromolecules of Ground Substance (2)

Back 7

-Structural Glycoproteins
-Complex macromolecular aggregates (made of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans)

Front 8

Macromolecules of the ground substance are secreted by _______ _______ cells. (primarily _______)

Back 8

-Connective Tissue Cells
-Fibroblasts

Front 9

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Back 9

-Long, unbranched sugars
-Made of repeating disaccharide units
-Highly negatively charged

Front 10

Sulfated GAGs

Back 10

-Include all the major GAGs except hylauronic acid
-Covalently attached to proteins to for proteoglycans

Front 11

Proteoglycans have a _______ core with sulfated _____ sticking off to the side.

Back 11

-Core
-GAGs

Front 12

How do proteoglycans look?

Back 12

-They look like bottle brushes

Front 13

By attaching via linker proteins to hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans can form huge macromolecular complexes called _________.

Back 13

Proteoglycan Aggregates

Front 14

Structural glycoproteins are primarily composed of ________ but have short, branched _______ chain at one end.

Back 14

-protein
-oligosaccharide

Front 15

Fibronectin (def)

Back 15

-Functions to fasten various components of the ECM to one another and to connective tissue cells
-Domain that binds to...
1.collagen fibers
2. proteoglycans
3. integrins

Front 16

Integrins (def)

Back 16

-cell surface receptor that fibronectin binds

Front 17

Laminin (def)

Back 17

-An adhesive glycoprotein found in the basement membrane

Front 18

What do fibrous proteins of the ECM include?

Back 18

-Elastin
-Collagens

Front 19

How is elastin arranged?

Back 19

-As sheets of material as in elastic arteries
-Form elastic fibers: sheets of material in combination with other proteins such as fibrillin

Front 20

Where are elastic fibers found?

Back 20

-Ordinary Connective Tissues
-Elastic Cartilage

Front 21

_________ are a family of proteins that make up 20% of all the proteins in the body.

Back 21

-Collagen

Front 22

Basic structural unit of collagen

Back 22

-Tropocollagen

Front 23

Tropocollagen (def)

Back 23

-basic structural unit of collagen
-a triple helix composed of three alpha chains

Front 24

Alpha Chains Primary Sequence in Tropocollagen

Back 24

- Includes 2 unique amino acids
1. Hydroxylysine
2. Hydroxyproline

Front 25

________ ______ is required for hydroxylation of lysin and proline during collagen synthesis.

Back 25

-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Front 26

Scurvy (def)

Back 26

-dietary deficiency of vitamin C
-defects in collagen triple helix formation

Front 27

Following their synthesis, tropocollagen molecules associate into _______ ________, which aggregate into ______ ______.

Back 27

-Collagen fibrils
-Collagen Fibers

Front 28

What do collagen fibers form in dense connective tissues?

Back 28

-Thick bundles

Front 29

Characteristics of Collagen Types Differences(4)

Back 29

-Morphologic Characteristics
-Distribution
-Functions
-Pathologies

Front 30

Collagen Type I (Synthesizing Cells)

Back 30

-Fibroblast
-Osteoblast

Front 31

Collagen Type I (Function and Location)

Back 31

-Function: Resists tension
-Location in Body: dermis of skin, tendon ligaments, bone, capsules of organs fibrocartilage

Front 32

Collagen Type II (Synthesizing Cell)

Back 32

-Chondroblast

Front 33

Collagen Type II (Function and Location in the Body)

Back 33

-Function: Resists pressure
-Location in Body: Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage

Front 34

Collagen Type III (Synthesizing Cells)

Back 34

-Fibroblast, Reticular Cell, Smooth Muscle, Schwann cell, heptaocyte

Front 35

Collage Type III (Function and Location in Body)

Back 35

-Function: Structural framework of spleen, liver, lymph, nodes, smooth muscle, adipose tissue
-Location in Body: lymphatic system, cardiovascular system, spleen, liver, lung, skin

Front 36

Collagen Type IV (Synthesizing Cells)

Back 36

-Epithelial cells, muscle cells, schwann cells

Front 37

Collage Type IV (Function and Location in Body)

Back 37

-Function: Meshwork of lamina densa of basal lamina, support, filtration
-Location in Body: basal lamina

Front 38

2 Major Categories of Connective Tissue Cells (Embryologic Origin)

Back 38

-Mesenchymal
-Hematopoietic

Front 39

Cells of Mesenchymal Origin

Back 39

-Stable and long-lived resident cells of ordinary and specialized connective tissues

Front 40

Types of Mesenchymal Cells

Back 40

-Fibroblasts
-Myofibroblasts
-Adipocytes
-Chondrocytes
-Osteocytes

Front 41

Cells of Hematopoietic (Bone Marrow) Origin (6)

Back 41

-Macrophages
-Mast Cells
-Lymphocytes
-Plasma cells
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils

Front 42

Fibroblasts (def)

Back 42

-Synthesize collagen in ordinary connective tissues
-Mjr cell types of dense connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs, etc.)

Front 43

Myofibroblasts (def)

Back 43

-Fibroblasts that have an abundance of contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
-Important in wound contraction

Front 44

________ store and release triglycerides according to the body's needs.

Back 44

Adipocytes

Front 45

Adipocytes

Back 45

-Store and release triglycerides according to the body's needs
-Responsive to hormonal needs
-Main Cell type found in adipose tissue

Front 46

Macrophages (def)

Back 46

-Phagocytic cells that are part of mononuclear phagocyte system
-Derived from monocytes in the blood
-Abundant in areas of chronic inflammation

Front 47

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

Back 47

-A major defense system of the body that has immunologic (specific) and non-immunologic components

Front 48

Mast Cells (def)

Back 48

-Play important role in the early stages of acute inflammatory response
-Located adjacent to blood vessels and in loose connective tissue (Lamina propria) of mucosal surfaces

Front 49

Mast cells are filled with granules containing potent _______ and ________ chemicals.

Back 49

-Vasoactive
-Cheomtactic

Front 50

Why do mast cells degranulate? (2)

Back 50

In response to...
~Immune triggers (ex: allergic reponses)
~Direct tissue injury

Front 51

Permanent Residents of Organs (Macrophages)

Back 51

-Kupffer Cells of liver
-Alveolar Macrophages of the lungs
-Langerhans cells of the epidermis

Front 52

________ are the major cells of the immune system.

Back 52

-Lymphocytes

Front 53

The ______ ______ is the body's specific defense system against foreign molecular. (______)

Back 53

-Immune System
-Antigens

Front 54

T lymphocytes (def)

Back 54

-Participate in cell mediated immunity
-Assist with the body's humoral immune response

Front 55

B lymphocytes (def)

Back 55

-Participate in humoral immune responses by differentiating into plasma cells

Front 56

.Both B and T lymphocytes produce ______ ______, which are important in protecting the body from the effects of subsequent exposure to specific antigens.

Back 56

-Memory Cells

Front 57

Why are lymphocytes found?

Back 57

-Scattered in loose connective tissue especially lamina propria and mucosal surgaces

Front 58

Collections of lymphocytes, called _____ _____, are found in certain organs such as the GI tracht, lymph noes, spleen and tonsils.

Back 58

-lymph nodules

Front 59

In the blood, _______ make up the second most abundant type of circulating leukocyte.

Back 59

Lymphocytes

Front 60

____ ______ differentiate from B lymphocytes during the humoral immune response

Back 60

Plasma Cells

Front 61

What do plasma cells manufacture and secrete?

Back 61

-Immunoglobulins

Front 62

Plasma Cells: Characteristic Pattern and Distribution

Back 62

-Characteristic Pattern: Chromatin Distribution that aids in their identification
-Distribution: Similar to lymphocytes

Front 63

Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs))

Back 63

-Most abundant type of circulating type of circulating leukocyte
-Enter tissues during the acute and inflammatory response to bacterial infection, then they phagocytose bacteria and release chemical mediators
-After they self-destruct

Front 64

The resultant collection of dead neutrophils and necrotic material is called ______.

Back 64

-Pus

Front 65

Eosinophils (def)

Back 65

-Circulate in small numbers in the blood
-Enter tissues in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
-They phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes, destroy parasites and limit the inflammatory response

Front 66

The acute inflammatory response is a stereotyped _____ and ______ response to tissue injury or to an __________ or ________ agent.

Back 66

-Vascular and Cellular
-Infectious and Antigenic

Front 67

Purpose of Acute Inflammatory Response

Back 67

-Neutralize the offending agent

Front 68

5 Cardinals Signs of Inflammation

Back 68

-Heat
-Redness
-Swelling (Edema)
-Pain
-Loss of function

Front 69

The vascular response is initiated by _______ _____ and is characterized by ________.

Back 69

-Early Mediators (Histamine and Leukotrienes)
-Vasodilation

Front 70

Vasodilation (def)

Back 70

-Increased permeability of capillaries and small venules and activation of plasma mediators

Front 71

Examples of Plasma Mediators

Back 71

-Complement
-Kinins

Front 72

Results of Vascular Response

Back 72

-Hyperemia: Increased blood flow to the affected area
-Exudation: Escape of protein-rich fluid into the extracellular space withe resulting edema
-Extravasation of Leukocytes: cellular response
-Chemotaxis

Front 73

Cellular Response

Back 73

-Characterized by leukocyte extravasation, migration and phagocytic activity

Front 74

What is the classic type of acute inflammation caused by?

Back 74

-Bacterial Infections
-Cellular Necrosis
-Neutrophils
-Predominant cell type

Front 75

In allergic acute inflammation, ______ are present.

Back 75

Eosinophils

Front 76

Connective Tissue (def)

Back 76

-a vast and continuous vascularized compartment

Front 77

3 Types of Connective Tissue

Back 77

-Connective Tissue Proper
-Connective Tissue with Special Properties
-Supporting Connective Tissue

Front 78

2 Types of Connective Tissue Proper

Back 78

-Loose: More cells, fewer fibers
-Dense: More fibers, fewer cells

Front 79

4 Types of Connective Tissue with Special Properties

Back 79

-Adipose Tissue
-Elastic Tissue
-Hematopoietic (lymphatic and myeloid) tissue
-Mucous tissue

Front 80

2 Types of Supporting Connective Tissue

Back 80

-Cartilage
-Bone

Front 81

Loose Connective Tissue: Location

Back 81

-Tissue underlies all epithelia

Front 82

Lamina Propria (def)

Back 82

-Type of loose CT of mucous membranes of GI and respiratory tract

Front 83

Is blood a connective tissue?

Back 83

Yes, it's a fluid connective tissue

Front 84

Many blood cells migrate into connective tissues during the process of ________.

Back 84

-Inflammation

Front 85

General Features of Connective Tissue

Back 85

-Vascular
-Cells and ECM
-Matrix=fibers and ground substance
-% differs for different CT types

Front 86

3 General Functions of Connective Tissue

Back 86

-Support
-Protection
-Defense

Front 87

Proteoglycans:______% CHO
______% protein

Back 87

-90% CHO
-10% protein

Front 88

Glycoproteins: _____% protein
_____% CHO

Back 88

-90% protein
-10% CHO

Front 89

What are the levels of organization for Collagen?

Back 89

-Tropocollagen
-Fibrils
-Fibers
-Bundles of Collagen

Front 90

Type I Collagen (def)

Back 90

-Collagen bundles of ordinary connective tissue and collagen fibers of bone

Front 91

Type II Collagen (def)

Back 91

-Collagen fibrils of cartilage (Hyaline and Elastic)

Front 92

Type III Collagen (def)

Back 92

-Reticular Fibers

Front 93

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (def)

Back 93

-folding of collagen was incorrect

Front 94

Collagen has ______ at every third position in its molecular makeup.

Back 94

-Glycine: helps collagen fold tightly

Front 95

Embryology: Layer that Mesenchyme is mostly derived

Back 95

-Mesoderm tissue

Front 96

Where are reticular cells found?

Back 96

-In lymph system where reticular fibers are found

Front 97

What hormone do adipocytes make?

Back 97

-leptin: an adipokine satiety signal

Front 98

Is a macrophage a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system?

Back 98

Yes