Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some benefits to pesticides? |
reduces nuisances, protects crops, structures and goods, and reduces disease vectors |
|
|
Study on conventional agriculture and organic agriculture revealed what? |
-With good management practices, organic systems can matchconventional yieldsbut often do not |
|
|
What are some examples of pests and their impact? |
Cockraoches – contaminate food, risk factor for asthma Mosquitoes – malaria, yellow fever, etc Lice – typhus, fever Fleas on rats – plague Ticks – lyme disease |
|
|
What are two unique things that counter what we have usually be learning about in this class? |
Pesticides are designed to kill living things: Pesticides arehazardous substances intentionally added to our environment: |
|
|
What are the 3 types of pesticides? |
Insecticides -> Insects Herbicides ->weeds Rodenticides-> rodents |
|
|
Canada vs India pesticide use? (which uses what most) |
-Canada uses mostly herbicides -India uses mostly insecticides |
|
|
What is the WHO classification of pesticides? |
IA - extremely hazardous IB - highly hazardous II - moderately hazardous III- slightly hazardous U - unlikely to present acute hazards |
|
|
Which are allowed for residential? Which are restricted and to who? |
Those available for residential use and widely accessibleare class II or III Those in class IA and IB are restricted and used only bycertified applicators in agricultural settings |
|
|
What are the different types of insecticides? (4) |
-Organochlorine (OC)largely phased out in developed countries for OP -Organophosphate (OP) -Carbamates -Pyrethroids |
|
|
Describe Organochlorine, why is it good/bad? Is it used in developed countries? what is used in developed countries? |
-relatively low volatility (likelihood of evaporation) -chemically stable -degrades slowly It is good for farmers because it is persistent, bad in terms of biomagnification, not used in developed countries, organophosphate is |
|
|
What is the mode of action of organochlorine? what is an example of organochlorine? why is it bad for humans? can it penetrate dermally? |
Mode of action: nervous system stimulants: impairs normalfunction of ion channels in neuron cell membranes DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane): bad because its fat soluble therefore your body stores it, no |
|
|
why is DDT bad for humans? can it penetrate dermally? Why good uses does it have? |
bad because its fat soluble therefore your body stores it, cant penetrate dermal, it is used to control malaria because it has along residual efficacy when sprayed on walls and ceiling (persistant) |
|
|
What mode of action does an organophosphorus insecticide have and what can this lead to? This pesticide is responsible for the majority of? |
-inhibition of the enzyme acetlycholinesterase (AChE) atneuronal synaptic sites -> leads to accumulation of acetylcholine (Ach) -can lead to paralysis of respiratory muscles or muscle twitching-responsible forthe majority of pesticide poisonings and death: |
|
|
What are Carbamate insecticides? |
similar to organophosphates in mode of action, but less acute toxicity because lower affinity for AChE |
|
|
What are pyrethroids? What is its mode of action? |
synthetic versions of a natural occuring chemical pyrethrins -less acute toxicity than OP -most are toxicity category III -Mode of Action: impairment opening and closing of ionchannels in nerve cells |
|
|
What are the 3 ways Humans are exposed to pesticides? How do they come in contact with these 3 ways? |
Dermal: occupational Inhalation: occupation or "spray drift" Dietary ingestion: residues on food |
|
|
How does pesticide poisoning come about? 4 ways |
Intentional (suicide) inadequate training lack of protective gear weak regulations |
|
|
What do DDT and reproductive studies demonstrate? |
-Some epidemiologic evidence of DDT exposure and pregnancyloss, pre-term birth, and low birth rate |
|
|
What study showed the developmental effects of pesticides? |
-CHAMACOS study -It was a longitudinal birth cohort study in an agriculturalregion of California -Pregnant ladies observed and then their children also -Focused on the developmental effects of early -lifeexposures to pesticides and other chemicals |
|
|
What are the 4 integrated pest control managements? |
-Physical Control: sanitation, environmental modification -Mechanical Control: Trapping -Biological Control: Natural Enemies -Chemical Control: Pesticides |
|
|
Exposure to insecticides and herbicides can lead to what kind of disease? (a review study demonstrated this) |
Parkinson's Disease |
|
|
Listsome of the health effects caused, or suspected to be caused, by chronicexposure to pesticides? |
Acute Toxicity: fatigue, headache, etc Chronic Toxicity: Cancer, endocrine disruption, reproductive effects, developmental effects, neurological effects |
|
|
Give examples of the mild, medium and severe poisoning of Organophosphates |
mild: fatigue, headache, acute symptoms Medium: weakens, CNS effects, unable to walk Severe: convulsions, death, coma, respiratory disease |
