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162 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Alcohol Poisoning
Alcohol depresses nerves that control involuntary actions such as breathing and the gag reflex (which prevents choking)
- the danger of choking on vomit, which could cause death by asphyxiation

-alcohol is an irritant to the stomach
Critical Signs and Symptoms of Alcohol Poisoning
Mental confusion, stupor, coma, or person cannot be roused.
Vomiting.
Seizures.
Slow breathing (fewer than eight breaths per minute).
Irregular breathing (10 seconds or more between breaths).
Hypothermia (low body temperature), bluish skin color, paleness.
* alcohol overdose can lead to irreversible brain damage.
Alcohol Background
Each year, alcohol use can be linked to:
70,000 reported incidents of sexual assault
400,000 incidents of unprotected sex
500,000 injuries
600,000 assaults
1,400 student deaths
Alcohol use & Adolescence
increase dramatically during adolescence
Alcohol Use: College Students
-20% met diagnostic criteria for alcohol use/dependence in the preceding 12 months.
-40% report engaging in “heavy episodic” drinking (binge drinking) in the preceding 2 weeks.
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984
required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public possession of alcohol age to 21.
High-risk or “binge” drinking
consumption of at least 5 or more drinks for men (4 for women) on at least one occasion in the past two weeks.
Drink = ½ oz. of absolute alcohol
one 12-oz. beer
one 5-oz glass of wine
one 1.5-oz. shot of spirits
Binge drinking at UF
Males 51%
Average male 47%
Female 39%
Average female 32%
binge drinkers
-Nearly 1/3 meet the criteria for a formal diagnosis of alcohol abuse.
-Nearly 1 in 17 are alcohol dependent.
Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC)
the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream or on one's breath.
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism reports
25% of college students report academic problems as a result of alcohol use.
Access to Alcohol
Parties are key venue for alcohol access through social settings, particularly for older youth.

- Alcohol consumption occurs most frequently at on-premise alcohol establishments; bars, clubs, and restaurants
Sex Differences
Although men drank more and spent more money, there was no significant sex differences in BAC
Underage Bar Patrons
*As the evening progresses bars appear to be frequented by younger drinkers.

-On average, underage patrons consumed 4 drinks at the bar they just exited

-63% above the legal limit to drive
Proximity
being in the same place at the same time. The more you see a person, the more likely an attraction will occur.
Reciprocity
based on similarities (attitudes, values, intellect, interests). The more you express interest, the safer it is for someone else to return the regard, and the cycle spirals onward.
Physical attraction
Men – tend to select based on physical attractiveness and youth.
Women – place higher emphasis on partners who are somewhat older, have good financial prospects, and are dependable and industrious.
Autoerotic behaviors
sexual fantasy & masturbation
Kissing and erotic touching
nonverbal sexual communication
Variant Sexual Expression
Atypical sexual behavior- Not abnormal, just different
Cunnilingus
oral stimulation of the female’s genitals
Fellatio
oral stimulation of the male’s genitals
Human Sexual Response
Excitement/arousal
Plateau phase
Orgasmic phase
Resolution phase
Refractory period
Excitement/arousal
– vasocongestion: is a condition in which the body's tissues swell up because of an increased flood flow in the area (blue balls)
Plateau phase
– nipples and penis erect
Orgasmic phase
– muscles contract
Resolution phase
– profound relaxation
Refractory period
– most men unable to become aroused following resolution
Mons pubis- external
pad of fatty tissue covering the pubic bone
Labia minora – external
folds of mucous membrane
Labia majora – external
folds of skin and erectile tissue that enclose openings
Clitoris – external
female sexual organ, only known function is pleasure
Urethral opening – external
urine leaves the body
Vaginal opening –external
opening to the vagina
Hymen – external
a thin membrane that may cover the vagina in some women
Perineum – external
the area between the vulva and anus
Sexual Identity & Gender
Sex – biological condition

Gender – psychosocial condition
Gender identity: Transsexual, Transgender, Intersexed
Sexual Orientation
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual
Pansexual
Polysexual
Asexual
Intersex conditions
anatomy that is not considered typically male or female

-pan meaning all,
-poly meaning many, though not necessarily all
Vagina – internal
a tubular organ that serves as a passageway from the uterus to the outside of the female body
Uterus (womb) –internal
hollow, muscular, pear-shaped
Endometrium – internal
inner lining of the uterus, either prepares the uterus for implantation or menstrual flow
Fallopian tubes – internal
extending from the uterus, two thin tubes where sperm and egg meet; fertilization occurs in the top 1/3rd section
Ovaries – internal
almond-sized structures suspended on either side of the uterus.

-Produces the female sex cell (ovum)
Ovum/Egg: Female sex cell containing all genetic information

-Contain 400,000 eggs but only 400 mature.
-The ovaries also produce estrogen and progesterone.
Puberty and the Menstrual Cycle
Gonadotropin - releasing hormone

Follicle – stimulating hormone
Male Anatomy
Scrotum – protects the testes

Penis – deposits semen

Testes – manufacture testosterone
Male Gamete (sex cell) = Sperm cells
Epididymis – sperm ripen here in a comma shaped structure at the back of the testes

Vasa deferentia (Vas Deferens) - Tubules wound in the epididymides that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra
Internal Male Anatomy
Urethra – passes sperm and urine

Seminal vesicles – provides fluids to semen

Prostate gland – provides fluids to semen

Cowper’s glands – secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra
Variant Sexual Expression
Atypical sexual behavior- Not abnormal, just different
Elements of a Healthy Relationship
Predictability – you can predict your partner’s behavior, based on the knowledge that your partner acts in consistently positive ways

Dependability – you can rely on your partner to give support in all situations

Faith – you feel absolutely certain about your partner’s intentions and behavior
Proximity
being in the same place at the same time.
*The more you see a person, the more likely an attraction will occur.
Reciprocity
based on similarities (attitudes, values, intellect, interests).
*The more you express interest, the safer it is for someone else to return the regard, and the cycle spirals onward.
Environmental Health
those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.

biological, chemical, physical, psychological, or sociological
Population Growth
A large and rapidly growing population makes it more difficult to provide the basic components of environmental health.

* accounts for most of the stress humans put on the environment.

Factors that contribute to population growth:
-high fertility rates
-lack of family planning resources
-lower death rates
Food Security
Ensuring the Future of Food through the
The Green Revolution – strains of plants developed to resist diseases, pests, drought and flooding.

*Reduces hunger but increases life span therefore increasing population
Environmental Disease
any pathologic process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms which are detrimental to the well-being of the individual and are the consequences of external factors.
Including:
- exposure to physical or chemical agents,
- poor nutrition
-social or cultural behaviors.
Environmental Agents
-Dioxins
-Electric & Magnetic Fields
-Endocrine Disruptors
-Lead
-Mercury
-Mold
-Ozone
-Pesticides
Foodborne Illness
More than 200 known diseases are transmitted through food
6-81 million cases a year & 9,000 deaths
Salmonella and E. coli most common
Inadequate handling temps, undercooking, improper hygiene, contaminated equipment, getting from unsafe source
* Fish, salad, and beef most contaminated
Federal Protection
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Local Environmental Health
Services that assess and evaluate potential environmental risks to human populations to prevent disease and exposure to hazardous agents

*government and private citizens together
Health Care Consumer Survey
-Americans (73%) are confused about how the U.S. Health Care System works
-Less than 50% act in ways to make themselves healthier
-Decisions to forego or delay treatment are prompted by cost concerns
-74% support expanding teaching programs in U.S. medical schools to increase the supply of primary care physicians (only 5% oppose)
Problems of Healthcare System
Major problems of system represented in Kissick’s (1994) cost containment, access, & quality triangle

In 2009, 45.7 million Americans were uninsured (Source: Wall Street Journal, 2009)

Likelihood of being uninsured greater for those who: are (a) younger, (b) less educated, (c) have lower incomes, (d) not Caucasian, (e) not U.S. citizens, & (f) male
More than 8 out 10 uninsured persons are members of working families
Paying Health Care Costs
Cost in 2009 $2.5 trillion
-Health care spending in 2009 accounted for 17.6% of U.S. GDP
-US spends more on healthcare than any other nation in the world
*Expected to be over 20% in 2018
Primary Sources of Payment
Out of Pocket: 15.1%
Private health insurance: 36.1%
Fed. Gov: 33.9%
State & local Gov: 10.5%
Other Private Funds: 4.4%
Health Insurance Policy
a written agreement between an insurance company (or the government) & an individual or group of individuals to pay for certain health care costs during a certain period in return for regular, periodic payments (a set amount of $) called premiums

There are expectations for both sides; they are not always met
Premiums
regular periodic payments
Deductible
amount of money that the beneficiary must pay before the insurance company begins to pay for covered services
Co-insurance
portion of an insurance company’s approved amounts for covered services that the beneficiary is responsible for paying; co-payment: type of co-insurance, a negotiated set fee

*rates differ based on health risk factors, genetic history, preexisting conditions
Fee-for-service
patient (first party), provider (second party), health insurance company or government (third party)
Origin of Recycle Symbol
in 1970, a student named Gary Anderson entered a contest to design a symbol for recycling products, he created three curved arrows forming a triangle

* now universally recognized for recyclable or made of recycled content
Made of recycled material symbol
A circle around three arrows

*usually found on paper and cardboard
Combination of new and recycled content symbol
black arrows on a white background
100% recycled symbol
white arrows on black background
Waste
Unwanted by-products of human activities
Solid Waste
Average American = 4.6 lbs of trash/day; ~1.5 lbs of this is recycled

*33 % of the worlds solid waste
Components of MSW
* Paper 32.7% * LARGEST
Yard Trimmings 12.8 %
Food Scraps 12.5 %
Plastics 12.1 %
Metals 8.2 %
Rubber, Leather & Textiles 7.6%
Glass 5.3 %
Wood 5.6 %
Other 3.2 %
Disposal of Solid Waste
Landfill 55 %
Recycled 30 %
Incinerated 15 %
Hazardous Waste
A solid waste or combination of solid wastes that is dangerous to human health or the environment

*300 million tons annually in the US
EPA
federal agency responsible for setting maintaining and enforcing environmental standards. Environmental Protection Agency
Air Pollution
not a human invention or even a new problem, 141 million tons of pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere in the US annually

Industrialization Causes:
-Transportation
-Electric power plants fueled by oil and coal
-Industry
Air Quality Index
Categorizes the air and corresponds to a different level of health concern. The six levels of health concern:
-"Good" AQI is 0 - 50. Air quality is considered satisfactory

-"Moderate" AQI is 51 - 100. Air quality is acceptable

-"Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" AQI is 101 - 150. general public not likely to be affected but those more prone to disease are

"Unhealthy" AQI is 151 - 200. Everyone may begin to experience some adverse health effects

"Very Unhealthy" AQI is 201 - 300. This would trigger a health alert signifying that everyone may experience more serious health effects.

"Hazardous" AQI greater than 300. This would trigger a health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.
Acid rain
wet and dry acidic deposits that occur within areas that produce emissions containing sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
Global Warming
Gradual increase in the earth’s surface temperature
CFCs, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide

*Major contributing factor – greenhouse gasses
Sanitation
the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance of clean conditions through hygienic disposal or recycling of waste material such as human fecal waste
Point source pollution
single source of pollution
Nonpoint source pollution
runoff, seepage, or pollutants in the water
Contaminated water diseases
Typhoid
Cholera
Hepatitis A
Noise Pollution
Excessive or unwanted sound, Greater than 80-85 decibels can cause permanent hearing loss.

*overlooked because not detrimental to health
Fear of aging
afraid of getting old or watching loved ones get old. These feelings stem from prejudices, and stereotypes, rather than on knowledge and insight
Ageism
is the systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old.

*old can also be prejudice against young
Elderly & the media
underrepresented, usually shown as feeble, always a supporting character instead of main. cast of older people tv shows cancelled
-elderly men treated more favorable than women
-older men paired with younger women more acceptable
- more interested in younger audiences, tv shows still dropped even if numbers were better than younger shows
Myths & Stereotypes of elderly
Aging, un productivity,disengagement, inflexibility, conservatism, senility, serenity, nursing homes, no sexual interest, lonley
Gerontology
the study of aging from maturity (young adulthood) through old age
Geriatrics
the medical care of older adults
Elderly demographics
Those over 65 years
*13% of the current population *
> 70% of Americans will live to age 65
> 30% will live to age 85
Elderly group will double by 2030

*California & Florida (18.5 %) have the largest senior populations*
Baby Boomers
Those born during 1946-1964
Boomers had childhoods marked by general good nutrition, hygiene, vaccines, and fluoridated water
2/3 desire to live to be 100
Highly educated
Financially stable
Strong political clout
Income sources of seniors
Social Security 37 %
Assets 25 %
Pensions 18 %
Earnings 17 %
Others 3 %
Age Cohorts
65-74 (young old)
75-84 (middle old)
85+ (oldest old)
Chronological age
birth date, was not counted until Western colonization began
*has little meaning in traditional societies*
Biological age
age relative to the potential maximal lifespan
Social age
unwritten expectations of how a person should act
Psychological age
ability to adapt to different circumstances; maturity level
Age-Set Societies
African cultures, Status and rights are assigned to each age set (novice, warrior, elder)
Male and female are in different groups
*Within age sets, there is no stratification
Ranked Horticultural Societies
Permanent residents of an area; larger societies than the egalitarian
“big men” and chiefs acquire a large proportion of goods and power
Age is a criteria for distribution of wealth
Older members are responsible for holding the extended families together
Egalitarian Societies
Older people are given the highest honor in society
Important tasks are performed by those with the most experience
Older people are responsible for teaching and socializing the younger ones
*oldest & simplest*
Elderly minorities
double jeopardy
Older adults have low social status
Minorities have low social status

African Americans—150% increase
Native Americans—200%
Hispanics—200%
Asian Americans—200%
Nature
your genes determine who you are
Nurture
Nurture—you are a product of your environment (including your lifestyle).
Life Expectancy
determined by year of birth and race/ethnicity

2000 (77 Years)
White females 80.0 years
White males 74.9 years
Black females 75.2 years
Black males 68.3 years
Levels of prevention
Primary prevention goals:
-Reduce the risk for disease and illness (check ups)

Secondary prevention goals:
-Early detection and treatment of disease and illness(increase physical activity)

Tertiary prevention goals:
Recovery or rehabilitation of a disease or condition after the disease has been developed. (hospitalized)
Compression of morbidity
decreasing the amount of time between the average of onset of disability and the average age of death.

*simple changes in health risk factors can delay the onset of morbidity by 8 years*
Accidents
*7th leading cause of death among elders*

Twice as likely to suffer accidents than young people
Rates of illness and death are higher following an accident;
falls (10 -15 %), motor vehicle (2nd leading), pedestrian (hit by motor), fires & burns (1/4 killed), choking
Functional Assessment
The assessment of the older person’s functional ability is one important way to determine the health promotion needs and requirements for services.
Goals for Health Promotion
Decrease chronic and debilitating conditions
Reduce the need for medical services, medication
Improve functional ability
Improve quality of life
Maintain independence
Compression of morbidity
Physical Activity
Older adults are more sedentary
Decrease in muscular strength
Decrease in cardiovascular capacity
Increase risk for falls
Osteoporosis
Many benefits for older adults
Moderate levels of exercise are beneficial
Smoking
increases risk for lung cancer, emphysema, heart disease, etc.
Alcohol
High rate of alcoholism and denial of a drinking problem
High social cost
Cirrhosis of the liver
Older adults are more affected than younger adults by the same amount
Moderate drinking is associated with longer life expectancy than abstinence or heavy alcohol use
Sleep
older adults suffer from insomnia
Illness, medications, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and stress can cause problems
May need to take naps
Medication
Highest user of prescription and over the counter drugs
Multiple medication and supplements
Side effects
Direct relationship to the number of drugs and adverse health effects
May not take correct dosage and at prescribed times
Large % of income
Predictors of Physical Function
Income
Health status
High body mass index
High blood pressure
Leisure and physical activity level
Predictors of Cognitive Function
Education
Strenuous activity in and around the home
Peak pulmonary flow rate
Self-efficacy (as opposed to vulnerability and fatalism)
Resilience to life situations
Response to stress
Health Insurance Key Terms
Fixed indemnity: maximum amount an insurer will pay for a certain service
Exclusion: specific health condition that is excluded from coverage
Pre-existing condition: that which has been diagnosed or treated 6 months before health policy began
*NO LONGER ABLE TO EXCLUDE PATIENTS FROM COVERAGE BASED ON per-exsisiting conditions.
Cost of Health Insurance
Two major factors set the cost: (1) risk of the group, (2) amount of coverage provided

60% of employers provided health insurance in 2009; 69% in 2000
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
closest to fee-for-service; contractual agreement between provider & organization to provide service to members for discounted rate
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
oldest form; combines insurance & medical care; uses primary care physicians & prepaid health care arrangement
Advantages of Managed Care
Comprehensive benefits
Evidence-based high-quality care
Well-documented services provided through integrated delivery systems
Accountability for quality improvement
Concerns of Managed Care
-Not managed care but “managed cost”
-Authorizing only certain practitioners under contract
-Reviewing treatment decisions
-Closely monitoring high-cost cases
-Using lower cost alternative treatments
-Reducing inpatient stays
-Delays in receiving care
Cannot understand bills
Consumer-Directed Care
Gives individuals better access to information and more control over their own health care, allowing them to make informed decisions about treatment and provider options
Key Building Blocks of Healthcare Consumerism
-Personal Accounts (e.g., HRAs, HSAs)
-Wellness/Prevention and Early Intervention Programs
-Disease Management and Case Management Programs
-Information and Decision Support Programs
-Incentive and Compliance Reward Programs
Health Savings Accounts (HSA)
How they work: Like 401(k) plans– $ invested grows tax free
-Advantages (bring down monthly premiums) & -Disadvantages (pay more out of pocket & some may skip needed care)
Health Care/Insurance Reform
HR 4872 Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010; bill passed in the Senate with changes.

-Children permitted to stay on their parents' insurance policies until their 26th birthday.
HRAs and HSAs
HSAs are emerging consumer centric healthcare options with an emphasis on preventive behavior
Bacterial STDs
Curable through antibiotics
Antibiotics will not provide lifelong protection against reexposure, and a person can be reinfected with the disease
Includes: Chlamydia, Syphilis, and Gonorrhea
Viral STDs
Treatment is available but there are no cures for them
Includes: Herpes, HPV, and Hepatitis
Low Risk (or No Risk!):
Activities that do not involve the exchange of body fluids
Abstinence
Moderate Risk:
sharing of sex toys, hand-to-genital contact, mouth-to-mouth contact, barrier methods with anal, vaginal or oral sex
High Risk:
Unprotected anal, vaginal, or oral sex, any contact with fluids from body sores
Transmission
You don’t have to have sexual intercourse to contract an STI
Many STIs are spread by direct skin contact
Everyone who has “risky contact” is at risk
STIs
20 known types
once called venereal diseases
*United States has the highest rate of STIs of any developed nation - more than 12 million new cases yearly
Herpes
Blister-like sores in genital area
Caused by herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) virus
Sores appear 2-20 days after infection and may last as long as 3 weeks
Moisture and friction can help the virus spread
-Herpes is most easily spread from genital-to-genital or oral-to-genital contact during an active outbreak or during prodrome -- the few days just before an outbreak.
*About 50 to 80 percent of American adults have oral herpes, which is commonly called cold sores or fever blisters
Syphilis
Can damage vital organs
Can cause heart disease, blindness, paralysis, and insanity
develops in stages
Treatment varies according to stage

burrows its way into the bloodstream.
can be transmitted from a pregnant female to her fetus.
stages can also overlap.
Gonorrhea
Affects the genital mucous membrane, primarily in the lining of the urethra and the vagina
One of the most common STIs in the U.S.
CDC estimates over 700,000 cases per year
Gonorrhea is highly contagious
Pain and increased urination usually within two to five days after the infection.
Many men infected exhibit symptoms, while most women are asymptomatic.
women symptoms can be mistaken for a bladder infection or other vaginal infection
*Whitish discharge, Can be transmitted to baby during delivery, Abnormal menstruation
Chlamydia
*Most common STIs
Symptoms: usually appear one to three weeks after exposure, Often none, Pain and burning during urination
Unusual discharge
Pain in the pelvic region
Secondary damage can lead to sterility
Symptoms If left untreated can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
*3 million new cases/year
Over 10 % college students
The Effects of STIs
Sterility
Infants can suffer from deformities/other health problems
Many STIs don’t have a cure!
Individuals with STIs are at greater risk for cancer
May affect other organs
Death
Herpes Treatment
Stress can cause an outbreak
Outbreaks may reoccur throughout a person’s life
Even though blister not present, can still infect others
Diagnosed by examination and lab tests
Medications can treat only symptoms, no cure
*Both viruses remain in the body for life.
HIV/AIDS
Since 1981, over 60 million people in the world have become infected with HIV
-Over 42 million struggle with HIV or AIDS
-A cure does NOT exist
New drugs slow progression of virus
Medication - very expensive and cause many side effects
Multidrug treatment exceeds $15,000 per year
Viral Hepatitis
Virus attacks the liver
*HEV is the only one not spread by sexual contact
Some are also spread by sharing contaminated needles, food, water, and from mother to fetus

-Jaundice is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
The most common type of viral STD in the U.S.
*3 out 0f 4 Americans between 15- 49 have been infected with genital HPV in their lifetime
Also known as Genital Warts
Pink or reddish warts with cauliflower like tops that appear on the genitals
Warts appear months/years after infection
Warts can be removed may reappear, can cause cervical cancer in women
Pap smear is conducted to test cells for cancer
New vaccine for HPV
Trichomoniasis
Vaginal infection caused by a bacteria
Males rarely infected; can be carriers
Can lead to
Urethra and bladder infections
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
Vaginitis - a bacterial infection
Testing for STIs
Chlamydia: cotton swab or pee in a cup
Gonorrhea: cotton swab or pee in a cup
Syphilis: skin or sore sample or blood test
Herpes: swab a possible sore or blood test
HPV:
Exam of visible warts
Pap smear to check for cervical cancer
HIV: blood test or mouth swab
Scabies
Causes red, swollen, itchy bumps
Treatment: hot baths and medicated creams
Eggs nest in clothing, furniture and linens
Pubic lice
aka crabs
Attaches in pubic area
Causes intense itching
Treatment: medicated shampoo
Eggs nest in clothing, furniture and linens
Chancroid
Bacterial infection similar to primary syphilis stage
Highly contagious
Symptoms:
Ulcers or sores
Sometimes with swollen, painful lymph glands
Treatment with antibiotics
Left untreated, may make the transmission of HIV easier
Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)
Yeast-like fungus caused by Candida albicans
Symptoms:
Severe itching
Burning
Swelling
Yellowish discharge
Strong odor
Treatment includes creams and tablets
Contraception
Any technique, method, or device which reduce the risk of the likelihood of a woman becoming pregnant
Prevents conception
“Birth control,” “Protection”
Typical Use
% of women who become pregnant during the first year of use
Perfect Use
% of women who become pregnant during first year of use when the method is used correctly and consistently
Birth Control: Behavioral / Natural Methods
Abstinence 100 % EFFECTIVE
Fertility Awareness Method (abstinence during fertile phase) 25 % Failure rate
Withdrawal – “Pull out method”
Birth Control: Barrier Methods
Sponge, Diaphragm, Cervical Cap, and Cervical Shield
Dental Dams
Female & Male Condoms
Birth Control: Hormonal Methods
mimicking pregnancy 90 -95 %
Oral Contraceptives
Birth Control Pills
Seasonale
Emergency Contraception- “Morning After Pill”
Injectables
Depo Provera
Lunelle
OrthoEvra- “The Patch”
NuvaRing- “The Ring”
Birth Control: Implantable Devices
-Hormone rod - Implanon
-IUDs (2 % of women choose this)
Birth Control: Permanent Methods
-Tubal Ligation (Fallopian Tubes are cut)
-Vasectomy (Vas deferens are cut)