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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Injury
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“Any unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical energy, or from the sudden lack of essentials such as oxygen or heat.”
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Are Injuries Inevitable
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are not random accidents; they are predictable events;
Like diseases, injuries can be studied and prevented by applying scientific tools and principles; Interventions can be developed and targeted to prevent specific injuries. |
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Mechanism
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Refers to the external agent or particular activities that precipitate the injury.
5 mechanisms of injury are: Mechanical Thermal Chemical Electrical Ionizing radiation Absence of essentials: oxygen and heat |
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Intent
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Refers to the purpose and/or awareness of the risk of injury.
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Unintentional Injury
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major attributes are: Unintended causes & unintended effects
Motor Vehicle Crashes Falls Poisonings Fires and Burns Drowning Aspiration and choking Sports injuries Occupational injuries |
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Intentional/Violence
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This includes violence;Causes and effects are intended
Suicide Homicide Assault, rape, sexual abuse Abuse Domestic/IPV Child Elder |
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Place of Injury
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Refers to where the injury occurred.
Examples include: On the road In the home At work At school At play |
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Nature of Injury
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Refers to the types of injury.
Examples include injuries to the: Extremities Brain or spinal cord Internal organs |
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Severity of Injury
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This refers to the degree of physical harm to the injured person; the amount of concentrated energy exceeding the body’s tolerance.
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Severity of Injury
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The degree of physical harm to the injured person;
The amount of concentrated energy exceeding the body’s tolerance. |
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Magnitude of the Injury Problem
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75% of all deaths among people ages 15 to 24 years are injury-related.
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Injury is the leading cause
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of death among children, adolescents and young adults in Florida and the United States.
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More people ages 1 to 34 years
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die as a result of injury than from any other causes combined
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Injury deaths represent only the tip of
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Iceberg
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10 Leading Causes of Death, U.S. Both Genders
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Heart disease
Cancer Cerebrovascular disease Chronic lower respiratory disease Unintentional injury Diabetes Alzheimer’s disease Influenza and pneumonia Nephritis Septicemia |
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Unintentional Injury as a Cause of Death Both Genders: Florida
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Among all ages unintentional injuries rank 4th as the leading cause of death.
Among those ages 1–44 unintentional injury ranks 1st as the leading cause of death. Unintentional injury is the 3rd leading cause of death for those ages 45 – 54 years. 1st in those under age 1 5th leading cause in those ages 55-64 years. 7th for those 65 and over |
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Injuries account for…
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37% of all emergency department visits.
35% of all EMS transports Each year 5.5 million injury-related visits to hospital emergency departments involve children aged 5 to 14. |
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Cost of the Problem
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Annual cost: approximately $17 billion.
Who pays? Private sources (72%) Insurance Workers Compensation Public Sources (28%) Federal government State government Local government |
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Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
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Life years lost to premature injury-related deaths.
Direct costs Indirect costs |
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Factors in Injury Prevention
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Unintentional injuries are not anticipated, BUT they are predictable.
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Dr. William Haddon, Jr. 1926-1985
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Public Health Physician and Epidemiologist
Founder of the Field of Injury Prevention First Head of the USA Federal Highway Safety Agency (NHTSA) President of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Founder of the Highway Loss Data Institute |
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The Haddon Injury Factors
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Factors that interact to produce an injury and its outcome
Human Agent Environmental: Physical, Social |
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Pre-event:
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Consider factors that determine if the event takes place.
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Event
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Consider everything that determines if an injury results.
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Post-event
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How can we reduce the severity of the consequences?
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The point of the Haddon Matrix
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to show that these cells represent an opportunity to think through prevention possibilities. We should not devote all of our attention on one cell and neglect another.
NOT every call has to be filled. |
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Childhood Drowning: Background
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Drowning is the leading cause of death among Florida’s children under the age of 5.
Florida has the highest early childhood drowning rate in the nation and from 199-2005 lost more children under age 5 to drowning than any other state. Enough children drown each year in Florida to fill approximately four preschool classrooms. |
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Strategies for Injury Prevention
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Goal:
To actively cause an injury to not happen by understanding and changing the circumstances present when the injury does occur How? By anticipating what might occur and what you can do to intervene. |
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Haddon Countermeasures
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1.Prevent the creation of the hazard.
2.Reduce the amount of energy contained in the hazard. 3.Prevent the release of a hazard that already exists. 4.Modify the rate or spatial distribution of the hazard. 5. Separate, in time or space, the hazard from that which is to be protected. 6. Separate the hazard from that which is to be protected by a material barrier. 7. Modify relevant basic qualities of the hazard. 8. Make what is to be protected more resistant to damage from the hazard. 9. Begin to counter the damage already done by the hazard. 10. Stabilize, repair, and rehabilitate the object of the damage. |
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Injury Prevention Process
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Identify and define the problem;
Collect and analyze data; Injury epidemiology: who gets what kind of injury and why? Epidemiology Biostatistics |
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Ways to Prevent Injuries
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Education/empowerment
Engineering Environmental modifications Enactment Enforcement |
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Native Americans
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have a very high rate of smokers. This is a very interesting population to study as their culture is rooted deeply into their daily lives.
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Age
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doesn’t seem to discriminate amongst smokers
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The trend for education continues:
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those with higher levels of education are less likely to smoke.
Maybe because they better understand the risks associated with tobacco use? |
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Hookah
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Also called narghile, shisha and goza
It’s not safer! Hookah smokers actually inhale more tobacco smoke than do cigarette smokers |
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Spit (Smokeless): two types: chewing and snuff
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Chewing: placed between gums and teeth for sucking and chewing
Snuff: can be inhaled, chewed or placed against the gums 80% of users start by 9th grade 30 minutes of use delivers as much nicotine as 4 cigarettes (2 pack/week snuffer= 10 pack/week smoker) |
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Bidis
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Made in India, small, hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes
Produce 3 times more carbon monoxide/ nicotine; 5 times more tar! Take an average of 28 puffs to smoke; 9 puffs for a regular cigarette |
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Cigars- Just as dangerous for those who don’t inhale!
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Nicotine is still absorbed through the mucous membrane in the mouth
Smoking as little as one per day can double the risk of certain cancers; heart disease and lung disease |
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Cigarettes
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Filtered
Cloved- 40% ground cloves; 60% tobacco contain higher levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Eugenol allows people to breathe more deeply |
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Nicotine addiction is
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the most widespread example of drug dependence in our country" according to the U.S. Public Health Service.
Nicotine impairs the cilia from cleansing the lungs 90% of smokers, as addictive as illicit drug, comparable to heroin |
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Tobacco Facts
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The earlier people start smoking, the harder it is to quit when they are older.
In a study of high school seniors, only 5% of those who smoked believed they would still be smoking two years after graduation. 75% were still smoking eight years later. |
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Tobacco Statistics From CDC
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Leading preventable cause of death in US
> 400,000 deaths/yr Annual cost of > $50 B in medical costs 6,000 young people try cigarettes each day 3,000 get hooked! It takes an average of ten attempts for an adult to successfully quit smoking (although many relapse |
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Social Smoking
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51% of college smokers identify
themselves as social smokers Defined as smoking with people, rather than smoking alone Typically smoke less often, less intensely and are less dependent on nicotine Study findings: 3 out of 4 smokers in college have-- at one point– unsuccessfully tried to quit smoking |
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Components of Tobacco Smoke
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> 4,000 chemicals & 43 carcinogens
Ever wonder what’s being sucked in? smoke, tar, cyanide, turpentine, ammonia The 3 most damaging are: Nicotine Tar Carbon Monoxide |
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TAR
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Sticky, brown mass produced when tobacco is burned
A carcinogen Decreases ability of cilia and mucus to effectively clear our lungs |
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Why Do People Smoke?
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Psychological – feels good, when drinking they must smoke
Individual – personal power, control, family history Addiction- tobacco has many addicting factors which we’ll discuss in a few slides Societal – everyone’s doing it, uneducated |
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Carbon Monoxide
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Deadly gas
Impedes body’s ability to carry oxygen Causes shortness of breath Associated w/ heart disease |
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When Smokers Quit
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Within 20 minutes of smoking that last cigarette, the body begins a series of changes that continues for years, however, by smoking just one cigarette a day, the smoker loses all these benefits (American Cancer Society)
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Health Effects of Cigarettes
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One cigarette:
Stimulates brain=>nicotine crave Dulls taste buds Irritates throat membranes Increases Heart Rate & Blood Pressure Decreases oxygen levels Constricts vessels |
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Prevention Efforts
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The best way to prevent tobacco use and the resulting human health care costs is to educate potential smokers when they are young, before they start smoking, and help teen and adult smokers quit.
-- American Lung Association |
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Long term use can:
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Affect the cardiovascular system
Affect the respiratory system Cause lung cancer Cause emphysema Cause chronic bronchitis Cause other diseases |
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Advertising and Teens
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6 Billion budget for advertising
Effectiveness of Advertising: 86% of teens prefer the most heavily advertised brands (Marlboro, Camel, Newport) Introduction of the Joe Camel campaign: Camel market share of underage smokers quadrupled |
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Cigarette advertising today
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Aimed toward minorities, women and men!
Magazines & Billboards November 1998: Master Settlement Agreement with Tobacco Industry Impact on Advertising (Permanent Relief): Prohibits youth targeting Ban on the use of cartoons Prohibits sponsorship (concerts, youth audiences, athletic events) Eliminates outdoor and transit advertising Ban on tobacco brand name merchandise |
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Truth Campaign
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A national tobacco counter marketing campaign conducted by an alliance of advertising firms and youth.
Cigarette use among teens is popular because it is readily available Targets 12 – 17 year-olds Strategy = market its message as a brand (Nike, Sprite) to appeal to youths most a risk for smoking Delivers stark facts about tobacco and tobacco industry marketing practices with the aim of changing social norms, rather than the traditional “just say no” |
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Changes in cigarette ads
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1964: The Marlboro Man lighting up.
1971: The cigarette in the hand, as an accessory. 2000: No cigarette, just a lone cowboy |
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history of targeting women
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Advertising campaigns that make smoking appears to be chic, stylish and a mark of sophistication.
1880 - 1900 1880 - 1900 |
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Prescription
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More than 10,000 different types. cost consumers about 200 billion.
Antibiotics – fight bacteria Sedative-Hypnotic – central nervous system depressants Antidepressants |
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Over-the-counter
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more than 300,000 different types available
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Recreational
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alcohol, tobacco, coffee
used to help people relax and socialize |
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Herbal preparations
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products of plant origin WEED
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Commercial preparations
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household cleaners, pesticides
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A drug taken by mouth (route)
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dissolve in the stomach, be absorbed into the blood stream through the lining of the small intestine, and then pass through the liver, heart and lungs before returning to the heart to be carried via arteries to the brain
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A drug already dissolved (route)
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is injected directly into the bloodstream will reach the brain in much less time
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inhaled drugs (route)
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absorbed by the lungs travel to the brain even more rapidly
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Injunction
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through the skin (nicotine patch)
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Supppositories
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(form of injection) inserted through the vagina or anus
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Intravenous
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(form of injection) into bloodstream
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Intramuscular
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(form of injection) into muscle
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Drug misuse
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use for purpose not intended
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Drug abuse
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excessive use
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Addiction
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- Compulsive desire for a drug
- The need to increase the dosage associated with psychological and physical dependence -Harmful effects to the individual -Harm to the society |
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Reinforcement
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some aspect produces a pleasurable effect for the user
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Compulsion/ Craving
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planning the next opportunity
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Loss of Control
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cannot block impulses of performing bad behaviors
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Escalation
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a developed tolerance; more is needed to produce an effect
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Negative Consequences
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behavior continues despite serious consequences (loss of job, decrease in academic performance)
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average price of drugs
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OTC $7
Generic $28 Brand Name $96 |
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How a prescription drug becomes an OTC drug
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1) At least three years of sales
2) Use has been relatively high 3) Adverse drug reactions are not alarming |
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Polydrug Use
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Taking several substances simultaneously (also includes mixing drugs with vitamins)
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Synergism
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always make sure you check any possible drug interactions
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Antagonism
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dangerous but not as bad as synergism
Work at same receptor One drug blocks the other |
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drug abuse in the US
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120,000 deaths a year, Costs $294 billion,
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High Risk Groups
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Being young
Being male Being a troubled adolescent Being a thrill-seeker Being in a dysfunctional family Being in a peer group that accepts drug use Being poor Dating young |
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Marijuana
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most commonly used illicit drug amongst college students. ( use goes back 6,000 years
Helps with severe nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy Improves appetite of AIDS related wasting syndrome Aids those with multiple sclerosis by reducing pain and spasticity Reduces eye pressure of glaucoma |
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Drugs in the Workplace
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8.5 % of Americans use at work
Use the highest in construction, food prep, restaurant, transportation, and material-moving industries |
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Designer Drugs (Club Drugs)
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Ecstasy (MDMA) most common
GHB Special K Rohypnol |
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Methamphetamine
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Effects brain and central nervous system
Euphoria lasts 6-8 hours Methods of use vary: snorted, injected, smoked, ingested Ice is a potent methamphetamine |
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Amphetamines
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synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system
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Cross-Tolerance
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Tolerance for one drug creates a similar reaction to another drug
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Health
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Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Mental Health
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a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life,can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community.
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Emotional Health
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People who are emotionally healthy are in control of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
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Mental Health and College Students
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30% of students reported feeling so depressed that it was difficult to function
49% felt overwhelming anxiety 10% of students also reported being diagnosed or treated for depression 6 % seriously considered suicide |
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Coping with Stress
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Manage your emotions
Manage your time Change your perception |
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Sources of Stress
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Physical
Environmental Psychological Social |
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Panic disorder
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affects about 6 million American adults and is twice as common in women as men.2 Panic attacks often begin in late adolescence or early adulthood,2 but not everyone who experiences panic attacks will develop panic disorder. Many people have just one attack and never have another. The tendency to develop panic attacks appears to be inherited
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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persistent, upsetting thoughts (obsessions) and use rituals (compulsions) to control the anxiety these thoughts produce. For example, if people are obsessed with germs or dirt, they may develop a compulsion to wash their hands over and over again.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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develops after a terrifying ordeal that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm.
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Social phobia
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diagnosed when people become overwhelmingly anxious and excessively self conscious in everyday social situations.
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specific phobia
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intense, irrational fear of something that actually poses little or no threat. (heights, escalators, tunnels, highway driving, water, flying, dogs, spiders, and injuries involving blood) affect around 19.2 million American adults1
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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go through the day filled with exaggerated worry and tension, even though there is little or nothing to provoke it.
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Major depression
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characterized by a combination of symptoms that interfere with a person’s ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once-pleasurable activities.
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Psychotic Depression
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observed when a severe depressive illness is accompanied by some form of psychosis, such as a break with reality, hallucinations, and delusions.
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Postpartum Depression
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a new mother develops a major depressive episode within one month after delivery.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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characterized by the onset of a depressive illness during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight (usually during spring & summer)
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Depression
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no single known cause of depression. trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation may trigger a episode
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Psychotic disorders
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mental disorders in which the personality is seriously disorganized and a person's contact with reality is impaired. confused about reality
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Schizophrenia
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a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder
About 1 percent of Americans have this illness. People with the disorder may hear voices other people don’t hear. may not make sense when they talk. |
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causes of schizophrenia
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genes and environmental factors.
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schizophrenia treatment
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Treatments include antipsychotic medications and various psychosocial treatments.
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Psychiatrists
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begin their careers in medical school. After earning their MD, they go on to four years of residency training in mental health, typically at a hospital's psychiatric department. CAN PERSCRIBE DRUGS!
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Psychologists
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five to seven years of academic graduate study, culminating in a doctorate degree.
Licensing requirements for them vary from state to state, but at least a one- or two-year internship is required to apply for a license to practice CAN NOT PERSCRIBE DRUGS! |
