Hs: Week 5: Posterior Abdominal Wall

Front 1

List 3 primary retroperitoneal structures.

Back 1

1. Kidneys
2. Suprarenal glands
3.. Ureters

Front 2

List 4 secondary retroperitoneal structures.

Back 2

1. Duodenum (except first part, which is in the hepatoduodenal L)
2. Ascending colon
3. Descending colon
4. Pancreas (except tail which is in the Lienorenal L).

Front 3

Name 3 paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.

In which vascular plane do these run?

Back 3

1. Suprarenal A
2. Renal A
3. Testicular/ovarian A

These run in the LATERAL vascular plane

Front 4

Name 3 paired parietal (segmental) branches of the abdominal aorta.

Back 4

1. Inferior phrenic A
2. Subcostal A
3. Lumbar AA

Front 5

Which paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta are at the L1 vertebral level?

Which one is at the L2 level?

Back 5

L1 level:
1. Suprarenal A
2. Renal A

L2 level:
Gonadal (testicular/ovarian) A

Front 6

The Right Gonadal V branches from where?

Back 6

Inferior vena cava

Front 7

The Left Gonadal V branches from where?

Back 7

Left Renal V

Front 8

The Right Suprarenal V drains into which vein?

Back 8

Inferior vena cava

Front 9

The Left Suprarenal V drains into which vein?

Back 9

Left Renal V

Front 10

What illness are patients likely to suffer from if they do not have a spleen?

Back 10

Pneumonia

Front 11

Which 5 organs is the spleen closely associated with?

Back 11

1. Diaphragm
2. Stomach (gastric area on superior border of spleen)
3. Kidney (renal area on anterior border of spleen)
4. Colon (colic area on inferior/posterior border of spleen)
5. Pancreas (tail inserts into Lienorenal L)

Front 12

T or F.

The spleen is an intraperitoneal organ.

Back 12

TRUE!

Front 13

A splenic infarction can result in what sign?

Back 13

Hiccups!

Front 14

_______ renal fascia blends w/ coverings of the renal vessels

________ renal fascia blends with the psoas fascia

Back 14

Anterior renal fascia blends with coverings of the renal vessels

Posterior renal fascia blends with the psoas fascia

Front 15

The kidneys are closely positioned near which ribs?

Back 15

Ribs 11 and 12

Front 16

Which structures are found in the hilum of the kidney?

Back 16

1. Renal A
2. Renal V
3. Ureter

Front 17

Non-distensible part of the bladder wall b/w the entrance of the ureters and the exit of the urethra.

Back 17

Trigone

Front 18

The apex of the bladder is _________ (anterior/posterior) and the base of the bladder is _______ (anterior/posterior)

Back 18

Apex = anterior
Base = posterior

(neck = inferior)

Front 19

Ureteral openings are found at the _______ of the trigone.

Back 19

TOP of the trigone.

Front 20

The internal sphincter of the bladder is controlled by what type of nerve fibers?

Back 20

Sympathetic fibers

Front 21

The detrusor muscle of the bladder is controlled by what kind of nerve fibers?

Back 21

Parasympathetic nerve fibers.

Front 22

The "voluntary" sphincter in the bladder is controlled by what type of nerve fibers?

Back 22

Somatic nerve fibers
(through the Pudendal nerve)

Front 23

Name the most superficial layer of the suprarenal gland and what hormone these cells secrete.

Back 23

Zona glomerulosa (cortex)
Produce/secrete mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Front 24

Which part of the suprarenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

Back 24

Zona fasiculata

Front 25

Which cells produce and secrete aldosterone?

Back 25

Zona glomerulosa cells in the cortex of the adrenal medulla.

Front 26

Which cells of the suprarenal glands produce/secrete sex steroids (androgens)?

Back 26

Zona reticularis
(innermost layer of the suprarenal gland cortex)

Front 27

Which part of the suprarenal glands producee catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)?

Back 27

Medulla

Front 28

Superior suprarenal arteries branch from...?

Middle suprarenal arteries branch from...?

Inferior suprarenal arteries branch from..?

Back 28

Superior suprarenal A = Inferior Phrenic A

Middle suprarenal A = aorta

Inferior suprarenal A = Renal A

Front 29

What type of nerve fibers travel to the suprarenal gland?

Back 29

Greater splanchnic nerves (preganglionic sympathetic fibers) travel to the suprarenal gland WITHOUT synapsing.

Front 30

The ventral primary rami of T12 is also known as?

Back 30

Subcostal N

Front 31

The ventral primary rami of L1 give rise to which 2 abdominal nerves?

Back 31

1. Iliohypogastric
2. Ilioinguinal.

Front 32

Ventral primary rami of L2-3 give rise to which nerve?

Back 32

Lateral femoral cutaneous N

Front 33

Ventral primary rami of L2-4 give rise to which nerves?

Back 33

1. Femoral N
2. Obturator N

Front 34

Ventral primary rami of L1-2 give rise to which nerve?

Back 34

Genitofemoral N

Front 35

Ventral primary rami of L4-5 give rise to which nerve?

Back 35

Lumbosacral trunk

Front 36

Name the 3 openings of the diaphragm.

Back 36

1. IVC foramen (T8)
2. Esophageal hiatus (T10)
3. Aortic hiatus (T12)

Front 37

The medial arcuate ligament is for which muscle?

Back 37

Psoas major M

Front 38

The superior mesenteric A passes over which major vein?

Back 38

Left renal vein

Front 39

Renal veins are _______(anterior/posterior) to renal arteries.

Back 39

Anterior

Front 40

Bleeding into the tough capsule of the kidney results in...?

Back 40

Intrarenal hematoma

Front 41

Which kidney lies a little lower than the other?

Back 41

The RIGHT kidney lies a little lower than the left b/c of the large size of the right lobe of the liver.

Front 42

The right kidney usually is related to rib ______ posteriorly, whereas the left kidney is related to ribs _______ posteriorly.

Back 42

Right kidney = Rib 12
(lies a bit lower than left)

Left kidney = Ribs 11, 12

Front 43

What hormone do JG cells in the kidney produce?

Back 43

Renin

Front 44

List the components of a nephron.

Back 44

1. Renal corpuscle (glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule)
2. Proximal convoluted tubule
3. Henle's loop
4. Distal convoluted tubule

Front 45

Renal corpuscles and proximal and distal convoluted tubules can be found in which part of the kidney?

Back 45

Cortex

Front 46

Henle's loops and collecting tubules can be found in which part of the kidney?

Back 46

Medulla

Front 47

The apex of the renal pyramid is known as:

Back 47

Renal papilla

Front 48

Which structures within the kidney receive urine from the collecting tubules?

What do these empty into?

Back 48

Minor calyces receive urine and then empty into major calyces (which in turn empty into the renal pelvis).

Front 49

Which steroid hormone controls electrolyte (Na+, K+, etc.) and water balance?

Back 49

Aldosterone
(produced by the outer part of the adrenal cortex = zona glomerulosa)

Front 50

Which steroid hormone controls glucose regulation and suppresses immune response?

Back 50

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
(produced by middle part of adrenal cortex = zona fasciculata)

Front 51

Which steroid hormone controls sexual development (maleness)?

Back 51

Androgen
(produced by inner part of adrenal cortex = zona reticularis)

Front 52

The kidney and suprarenal cortex develop from _________, but the suprarenal medulla develops from _______.

Back 52

kidney and suprarenal cortex => MESODERM

suprarenal medulla => NEURAL CREST CELLS

Front 53

The allantois degenerates and forms a fibrous cord in the adult called the _______.

Back 53

Urachus.

Front 54

At what vertebral level does the aorta pass through the aortic hiatus?
At what level does it bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?

Back 54

Aortic hiatus = T12.

Bifurcation = L4

Front 55

Do the renal arteries branch inferiorly or superiorly to the superior mesenteric artery?

Back 55

The renal arteries branch INFERIORLY to the superior mesenteric A

Front 56

The testicular/ovarian arteries run laterally to which abdominal muscle?

Back 56

Psoas major M.

Front 57

Which vein runs posterior to the Superior mesenteric A and anterior to the abdominal aorta?

Back 57

Left Renal V

Front 58

What is the lower, dilated end of the thoracic duct that is formed by the intestinal and lumbar lymph trunks?

Back 58

Cisterna chyli

Front 59

The genitofemoral N emerges on the front of which muscle?

Back 59

Psoas major M.

Front 60

Which nerve passes in front of the Quadratus lumborum and then penetrates the transversus abdominis M to run between it and the internal abdominal oblique M?

Back 60

Subcostal N

(innervates external oblique, internal oblique, transverse, rectus abdominis, and pyramidalis MM).

Front 61

The testicular/ovarian arteries run laterally to which abdominal muscle?

Back 61

Psoas major M.

Front 62

Which vein runs posterior to the Superior mesenteric A and anterior to the abdominal aorta?

Back 62

Left Renal V

Front 63

What is the lower, dilated end of the thoracic duct that is formed by the intestinal and lumbar lymph trunks?

Back 63

Cisterna chyli

Front 64

The genitofemoral N emerges on the front of which muscle?

Back 64

Psoas major M.

Front 65

Which nerve passes in front of the Quadratus lumborum and then penetrates the transversus abdominis M to run between it and the internal abdominal oblique M?

This nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.

Back 65

Subcostal N

(innervates external oblique, internal oblique, transverse, rectus abdominis, and pyramidalis MM).

Front 66

Which nerve accompanies the spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus, continues through the inguinal canal, and emerges through the superficial inguinal ring?

Back 66

Ilioinguinal N (L1)

Front 67

Which 3 nerves pierce the transverse abdominal muscle and then run between this muscle and the internal oblique M?

Back 67

1. Subcostal N (T12)
2. Iliohypogastric N (L1)
3. Ilioinguinal N (L1)

Front 68

Which nerve emerges from the lateral side of the Psoas muscle and runs in front of the iliacus and behind the inguinal ligament?

Back 68

Lateral femoral cutaneous N (L2-L3)

(innervates the skin of the anterior and lateral thigh)

Front 69

List the 4 collateral (prevertebral) ganglia.

Back 69

Collateral ganglia:
1. Celiac
2. Superior mesenteric
3. Aorticorenal

(formed by cell bodies of the postganglionic sympathetic fibers)
4. Inferior mesenteric

Front 70

What types of nerve fibers are received by collateral (prevertebral) ganglia?

Back 70

RPreganglionic sympatetic fibers by way of the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic NN.

Front 71

The myenteric plexus is located chiefly between which 2 layers of the intestine?

Back 71

Between longitudinal and circular muscle layers

Front 72

The submucosal plexus is located in which layer of the intestine?

Back 72

Submucosa

Front 73

How does the diaphragm attach to the lumbar vertebrae?

Back 73

Through the right and left crura
(the right crus is longer than the left)

Front 74

The two crura of the diaphragm join in the midline to form the _________ in front of the aortic hiatus.

Back 74

Median arcuate ligament.

Front 75

Which structures pass through the aortic hiatus?

Back 75

1. Aorta
2. Azygous vein
3. Thoracic duct

Front 76

What passes through the caval hiatus in the central tendon of the diaphragm?

Back 76

1. Inferior vena cava
2. Branches of the right phrenic N

Front 77

What passes through the esophageal hiatus?

Back 77

1. Esophagus
2. Anterior vagal trunk
3. Posterior vagal trunks
4. Esophageal AA, VV

Front 78

List 6 functions of the kidneys.

Back 78

1. Filter blood
2. pH balance
3. Salt and water
4. Blood pressure regulation
5. urine production
6. Secretes erythropoitein for RBC development

Front 79

What type of fat lies just outside the renal fascia?

What type of fat lies between the renal capsule and the renal fascia?

Back 79

Outside renal fascia = Perarenal fat
Between renal capsule and renal fascia = Perirenal fat