Hrenchir - Pharmacology Carrasco - Cell Cyle (Alterations In Cell Cycle)

Front 1

what is atrophy? What causes it?

Back 1

decrease or shrinkage of cell size

potential block at G1 phase that contributes to decreasing cell size

Front 2

what is hypertrophy? What causes it?

Back 2

increase in cell size due to increase in protein but not cell fluid

possible block of entry into G2/M since cell number does not increase

Front 3

hypertrophy occurs under both normal and pathologic conditions which causes?

Back 3

incease in cell size due to increase in protein conc. but not cell fluid. possible block of entry into G2/M since cell number does not increase

increase in uterus and mammary tissue in pregnancy

increase in muscle cell size with excersice

cardiac hypertrophy due to atherosclerosis

Front 4

what is hyperplasia? What causes it?

Back 4

increase in cell number due to increased cell division

cells may fail to enter G1/Go phase

Front 5

What is compensatory hyperplasia?

Back 5

involved in regenerative capacity of liver

Front 6

what is hormonal hyperplasia?

Back 6

increase in uterus and mammary tissue in pregnancy

Front 7

what is pathologic hyperplasia?

Back 7

endometriosis is common.

characterized by growth beyond or outside the uterus of tissue resembling endometrium, the tissue that normally lines the uterus.

Front 8

what is dysplasia?

Back 8

abnormal changes in cell size, shape and organization.

Front 9

what is necrosis?

Back 9

leathal cell injury or accidental cell death in the living organism

Front 10

What are the specifics of apoptosis?

Back 10

energy dependent, metabolically active cell process.

more specific then necrosis

encoded suicide program (initiaton and executino phase)

does not elict inflmatory reaction

Front 11

Examples of apoptosis are?

Back 11

resorbtion of tadpole tail

loss of webbing by fetus to form fingers

sloughing of of the endometrium at the start of menstration

Front 12

pathologic apoptosis is

Back 12

genotoxic damage via mutation, chemical damage or irradiation

cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induced death of virus infected cells

Front 13

Specifics of necrosis are?

Back 13

results due to cell damage and kills cells

inflamatory reaction

not regulated by cell signals

primarily results from a breakdown of fluid homeostasis

cell lysis produces mass of debris

Front 14

What is coagulative necrosis?

Back 14

arises from protein denaturation aggregation

commonly associated with hypoxia due to ischemic (reduced blood perfusion) injury.

Front 15

What is liquefactive necrosis?

Back 15

often associatedwith tissues with little connective tissue. Brain releases hydrolytic enzymes extensively degrading lipids and proteins leading to loss of structure.

also results from severe bacterial infectino of any tissue

Front 16

what is caseous necrosis?

Back 16

associated with pulmonary infection, clumped cell debris due to lack of complete digestion

Front 17

what is fat necrosis?

Back 17

limited to breast, pancreas, abdominal fat due to excess lipolysis and subsequent saponification and formation of lipid micelles.

Front 18

what makes a cell commit suicide?

Back 18

balance between:

withdrawal of positive signals needed for continued survival

loss of growth factor support or cell-cell interations

receipt of negative signals:

increased levels of oxidants within the cell

damage to DNA

accumulation of proteins that failed to fold

molecules that bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and signal the cell to begin the apoptosis program

Front 19

How is apoptosis induced through extracellular signaling?

Back 19

receptor binds cell surface

activation of initiator caspase (caspse 8 or 10) for extrinisc pathway and caspase 9 with is activated at the apoptosome for the intrinsic pathway

initiator caspases activate executioner caspases.

active executioner caspases cleave the death substrates with result in apoptosis.

Front 20

How is cross talk related to cell apoptosis?

Back 20

cleavage of the BCL2-family member BID by caspase 8 activates mitochondral pathway after apoptosis induction through death receptors and can be used to amplify the apoptotic signal.

Front 21

biochemical markers of apoptosis

1) induction of the mitochondrial permeablility transition produces?

2) Activation of protease cascade is a result of?

3)DNA fragmentation occurs due to?

Back 21

1) a) loss of mitochondrial inner membrane potential
b) release of cytochrome c

2) a) members of interleukin 1-beta converting enzyme ICE family of proteases. these caspases cleave aspartate residues (DEVD, YVAD)
b) granzyme B
c) calpain

3) a) cleavage of double stranded DNA at the linker regions between nucleosomes, large oligonucleosomal fragments are produced and form a DNA ladder pon electrophoresis. This DNA ladder is a hallmark of apoptosis (gel electrophoresis)