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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does HPV cause cancer?
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Viruses express their genes in 2 phases – early (E) and late (L). 
The HPV early genes E6 and E7 are associated with cancer • E6 protein causes p53 tumor suppressor degradation an  HPV “hides” from the immune system by inserting into host DNA= persistent infection |
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Prevalence of HPV infection
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There are 20 million people infected with HPV in US, 6.2 million new cases of HPV annually, 75-80% of sexually active individuals will become infected with HPV within their lifetime.
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How many types of HPV are there?
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100 identified types of HPV, 40 of which cause mucosal infection.18 different types of high-risk HPV which can be oncogenic (causes tumors)
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PAP Test HISTORY
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As a result of the Pap test cervical cancer dropped from the second- leading cause of cancer deaths among American women to the 13th in the US. Reduced cervical cancer mortality by 70% in the United states.
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PAP TEST
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Cells are scraped from the cervix and examined under a microscope.
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At what age should women have their first pap smear?
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by the age of 21 or within 3 years of first sexual intercourse.
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Dysplasia
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a higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. This means the nucleus is larger than it should be for the size of the cell.
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Mild Displasia
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the nucleus is about 3-4 times larger than it should be.
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Moderate Dysplasia
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the nucleus is 5-6 times larger than it should be.
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Severe Dysplasia
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the nucleus is taking up most of the cell.
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Cervical Biopsy
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(punch) small tissue samples are taken from the cervix and examined for disease and other problems.
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Treating Cervical Cancer
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Compressed nitrogen gas flows through a cyro probe making the metal cold enough to freeze and destroy the abnormal cervical tissue.
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Hysterectomy
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removes the uterus and may also remove the cerix (total) and the vagina (radical)
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Pelvic Exenteration
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Since the bladder and rectum are removed, the surgeon will utilize a segment of the intestine to form a new bladder that can be drained with a catheter, and he will fix what is left of the large intestine to the wall of the abdomen so that waste matter can pass through an opening in the abdomen and into a special bag.
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HPV Vaccines
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Two vaccines (Cervarix and Gardasil) have been shown to protect against most cervical cancers in women. Gardasil = HPV 6,11, 16, and 18
Ceravex = HPV 16 and 18 |
