Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Layers of dermis and epidermis
|
Epidermis
stratus corneum stratus lucidum (palm and plantar only) stratus granulosum stratus spinosum stratus germinativum dermis papillary layer reticular layer |
|
|
Terminal hair vs. Vellus hair
|
terminal - coarser, darker hair - scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary, pubic
vellus - fine, faint hair covering most of the body |
|
|
Purpose of melanocytes
|
pigment
|
|
|
Components of hair shaft
|
cuticle (outer)
cortex (middle) medulla (inner) |
|
|
components of nail
|
nail plate
nail root nailbed periungual tissues lunula |
|
|
Function of Skin
|
protective barrier
regulates temperature sensory excretion nonverbal language identification (fingertips, birthmarks) |
|
|
Function of hair
|
warmth
protection sensation |
|
|
Function of Nails
|
protection to digits
self protection |
|
|
Pruritus
|
cutaneous itching
|
|
|
Inspection of Skin
|
colour
bleeding ecchymosis vascularity lesions moisture temperature texture turgor edema |
|
|
Abnormalities in skin colour
|
cyanosis (blue)
jaundice (yellow) carotenemia (orange) grey - chronic anemia pallor rubor (dark red) erythema (redness) |
|
|
Vitiligo
|
patchy symmetrical areas of white on the skin
|
|
|
Where should be inspected for bleeding?
|
mucous membranes
previous venipuncture sites lesions |
|
|
Petechiae
|
pinpoint lesions, red or purplish
|
|
|
Purpura
|
hemorrhage in skin, mucous membrane, and internal organs
|
|
|
vascularity abnormalities
|
spider angioma
venous star cherry angioma strawberry hemangioma nerve flammeus necrosis gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) varicose veins |
|
|
lesion mnemonic
|
A - asymmetrical
B - borders C - colour D - diameter E - elevation G - grouping |
|
|
Arrangement patterns of lesions
|
1) discrete, individual, separate, distinct (insect bites)
2) confluent - merge and run together (childhood exanthema) 3) annular - arranged in circular pattern (ringworm) 4) generalized, scattered over body (measles) 5) grouped (herpes simplex) 6) linear or serpiginous (poison ivy, dermatitis, hookworm) 7) polycyclic - concentric circles like bull's eye (eruptions from drug reactions) 8) zosteriform - linear arrangement along nerve root (herpes zoster) |
|
|
Nonpalpable primary lesions
|
1) macule - localized changes in skin colour less than 1cm diameter (freckle)
2) patch - localized changes in skin colour >1cm diameter (vitiligo, stage 1 PU) |
|
|
Palpable primary lesions
|
1) papule - solid, elevated, <0.5cm diameter (warts, elevated nevi, seborrheic keratosis)
2) plaque - solid, elevated, >0.5cmD (psoriasis, eczema, pityriasis rosa) 3) nodule - solid, elevated, extend into dermis/hypodermis, 0.5-2cm (lipoma, erythema nodosum, cyst, melanoma, hemangioma) 4)wheal - localized edema in epidermis causing irregular elevation may be red or pale (insect bite, hive, angioedema) 5) tumour - same as nodule only >2cm (carcinoma) |
|
|
fluid-filled cavities within skin lesions
|
1) vesicle - accumulation of fluid between upper layers of skin, elevated, contains serous fluid, <0.5cm (herpes simplex, herpes zoster, chickenpox, scabies)
2) pustule - vesicles or bullae that become filled with pus, <0.5cm (acne, impetigo, furuncles, carbuncles, folliculitis) 3) bullae - like vesicle but >0.5cm (contact dermatitis, large 2nd degree burns, bullous impetigo, pemphigus 4) cyst - encapsulated fluid-filled or semi-solid mass in subcutaneous tissue of dermis (sebaceous cyst, epidermoid cyst) |
|
|
Lesions above the skin surface
|
1) scales - flaking (dandruff, psoriasis, xerosis)
2) lichenification - layers of skin become thickened and rough as a result of rubbing for prolonged period of time (chronic contact dermatitis) 3) crust - dried serum, blood, or pus (impetigo, acute eczematous inflammation) 4) atrophy - thinning of the skin surface and loss of markings (Striae, aged skin) |
|
|
Lesions below the skin surface
|
1) erosion - loss of epidermis (ruptured chickenpox vesicle)
2) fissure - linear crack in the epidermis that can extend into the dermis (chapped hands or lips, athlete's foot) 3) ulcer - depressed lesion of the epidermis and upper papillary layer (stage 2 PU) 4) scar - fibrous tissue that replaces dermal tissue after injury (surgical incision) 5) keloid - enlarging of scar past wound edges due to excess collagen formation (burn scar) 6) excoriation - loss of epidermal areas exposing the dermis (abrasion) |
|
|
skin cancer risk factors
|
UV light exposure
family hx 2nd degree sunburns before 18 acute sunburns outdoor employment melanocytic precursor lesion fair skin smoking male gender chemical or radiation exposure long-term or severe inflammation PUVA treatment - UV tx for psoriasis xeroderma pigmentosum basal cell nevus syndrome |
|
|
Braden scale components
|
sensory perception
moisture activity mobility nutrition friction and shear |
|
|
Components of skin palpation
|
moisture
temperature tenderness texture turgor edema |
|
|
skin moisture abnormalities
|
xerosis (dryness)
diaphoresis (sweating) |
|
|
causes of dehydration
|
vomiting/diarrhea
excessive sweating polyuria excessive sport activity very hot ambient temperature |
|
|
Pitting edema 4pt scale
|
+0 no pitting
+1 2mm pitting (mild) +2 4mm pitting (moderate) +3 6mm pitting (significant) +4 8mm pitting (severe) |
|
|
Symptoms of dehydration
|
dizzy, light-headed, headache
lethargy dry, sticky mouth decrease or dark urine weak muscles sunken eyes skin turgor loss |
|
|
Types of edema
|
pitting
nonpitting (firm with discolouration or thickening) angioedema (recurring noninflammatory swelling) dependent (localized increase in ECF volume in dependent limb or area inflammatory - swelling due to ECF effusion into tissue surrounding inflammation noninflammatory - swelling or effusion due to mechanical or other causes not related to congestion or inflammation lymphedema - edema due to the obstruction of a lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Components of hair assessment
|
inspection:
colour distribution lesions palpation: texture |
|
|
alopecia
|
male or female pattern baldness
|
|
|
hirsutism
|
excessive body hair - endocrine disorders
|
|
|
components of nail inspection
|
colour + cap refill
shape and configuration texture (palpation) |
|
|
abnormal nail shapes
|
koilonychia (spoon shaped)
clubbing beau's line onycholysis (separation of nail from nailbed) paronychia (painful, red swelling of nail fold) habit tic deformity (continuous picking of cuticle and nail by finger on same hand) subungual hematoma (trauma) onychocryptosis (ingrown nail) eggshell nails |
|
|
abnormal nail colouring
|
leukonychia (white lines or dots)
splinter hemmorhages |
|
|
gerontological skin changes
|
wrinkles
sagging skin folds diminished sweat and sebaceous glands lentigo keratosis diminished inflammatory response and perception of pain prolonged wound healing |
|
|
gerontological hair changes
|
graying
loss |
|
|
gerontological nail changes
|
thickening
yellowing overcurvature |
|
|
skin may reveal information about
|
oxygenation
infection skin cancer nutrition hydration self care habits age sun exposure |
|
|
safety tips to help the elderly avoid integumentary damage
|
-identify environmental hazards and minimize risk
-interventions to reduce risk for thermal injuries -interventions to maintain skin integrity and prevent damage interventions to prevent dehydration |
|
|
Stages of pressure ulcers
|
1 - skin reddended but intact, may be change in temperature, tissue consistency, sensation
2 - epidermal and dermal layers are injured, superficial and looks like a abrasion, blister, or shallow crater 3 - subcutaneous tissues injured - deep crater with or without undermining adjacent tissue 4 - muscle and maybe bone injured |
|
|
identifying first degree burn
|
epidermis injured or destroyed, skin is red, dry, painful
hair follicles and sweat glands intact |
|
|
identifying 2nd degree burn
|
epidermis and upper layers of dermis destroyed
skin is red, blistery, painful also called partial-thickness burn hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings intact |
|
|
Stages of pressure ulcers
|
1 - skin reddended but intact, may be change in temperature, tissue consistency, sensation
2 - epidermal and dermal layers are injured, superficial and looks like a abrasion, blister, or shallow crater 3 - subcutaneous tissues injured - deep crater with or without undermining adjacent tissue 4 - muscle and maybe bone injured |
|
|
identifying 3rd degree burn
|
epidermis and dermis destroyed, subcutaneous tissue injured
hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings destroyed skin is white, red, black, tan, or brown also called full-thickness burn leathery looking appearance painless |
|
|
identifying first degree burn
|
epidermis injured or destroyed, skin is red, dry, painful
hair follicles and sweat glands intact |
|
|
identifying 4th degree burn
|
epidermis and dermis destroyed
subcutaneous tissue, muscle, none may be injured hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings destroyed skin is white, red, black, tan, brown exposed subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone painless |
|
|
identifying 2nd degree burn
|
epidermis and upper layers of dermis destroyed
skin is red, blistery, painful also called partial-thickness burn hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings intact |
|
|
identifying 3rd degree burn
|
epidermis and dermis destroyed, subcutaneous tissue injured
hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings destroyed skin is white, red, black, tan, or brown also called full-thickness burn leathery looking appearance painless |
|
|
identifying 4th degree burn
|
epidermis and dermis destroyed
subcutaneous tissue, muscle, none may be injured hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings destroyed skin is white, red, black, tan, brown exposed subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone painless |
|
|
Wound evaluation
|
location
colour drainage odour size depth measure borders draw picture to depict |
|
|
approximate age of bruises:
1) red 2) bluish purple 3) greenish yellow 4) yellowish brown |
1) red (0-1d)
2) bluish purple (1-4d) 3) greenish yellow (5-7d) 4) yellowish brown (8d) |
