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126 Cards in this Set
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developmental issues
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nature and nurture
-involves the debate whether development is primarily influenced by biology or environment continuity-discontinuity -the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct change stability vs change -the degree to which we remain consistent in our development -are we an older rendition of our early experience or do we develop into someone quite different from who we were at an earlier point in development? -considers the extent to which early experiences (especially in infancy) or later experience are the key determinants of a person's development |
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
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5 environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macro-system, and chronosystem
microsystem: setting in which the individual lives , most direct interaction with social agents (family, peers, school, neighborhood mesosystem: relationship beetween microsystems (family experiences to school experiences, school experiences to religious experiences, family experiences to peer experiences) exosystem: links between social setting in which the individual does not have an active role (mas smedia, friends of family, legal services) macrosystem: culture in which individuals live (attitudes and ideologies of the culture) chronosystem: patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, sociohistorical conditions (divorice, women to pursue career) |
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heredity-evironment interaction
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-heredity and environment operate together to produce personal characteristics
-emerging view: genes give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory that is ultimately realized through environmental circumstances (intelligence, weight, temperament, height, ability to read) |
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3 stages of prenatal development
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-germinal period (0-2weeks)
blastocyst trophoblast implantation -embryonic period (2 to 8-10 weeks) blastocyst attaches to uterine wall: embryo amnion umbilical cord placenta organogenesis -fetal period (10 weeks to 38-42 weeks) 2 months to birth >viability (chance of life outside womb) > currently 23-24 weeks |
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reproductive challenges
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-infertility
the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of attempting -in vitro fertilization (IVF) egg and sperm are combined in a laboratory & fertilized egg is transferred to woman's uterus |
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important embryonic developments
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week 3: neural tube
21 days: eyes 24 days: heart cells week 4: urogenital, arm and leg buds, heart chambers, blood vessels week 5-8: arms and legs, face, intestinal tract week 8: 1/30 ounce, 1 inch long |
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the brain
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-100 billion neurons (nerve cells) at birth
-increased in connectivity and functioning occur from the third trimester to age 2 -neural tube: 18-24 days postconception (anencephaly, spina bifida) |
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prenatal screening & diagnostic tests
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can determine risk of genetic problems from family history (birth defects, genetic disorders, infant death) prior to birth of a child
Maternal blood screen (AFP)- increased levels AFP may be associated with NTD. low levels of AFP associated with downs syndrome ultrasound- detect micronecephayly (visual representation of fetus inner structure) amnio chromosomal- metabolic abnormalities fetal MRI Chorionic villus sampling |
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genetic problems
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chromosomal abnormalities vs gene-linked abnormalities
abnormalities in the number of chromosomes or in the structure of the chromosomes (normally have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs) |
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chromosomal abnormalities
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down syndrome: extra chromosome causes mild-severe retardation and physical abnormalities
treatment: surgery, early intervention, special learning programs, stimulation klinefelter syndrome (XXY): an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities treatment: hormone therapy can be effective fragile X syndrome: abnormality in X chromosome can cause mental retardation, learning disabilities, short attention span (more common in males than females) treatment: special education, speech and language therapy turner syndrome (XO): missing X chromosome in females can cause mental retardation and sexual underdevelopment treatment: hormone therapy in childhood and puberty XYY syndrome (males): extra Y chromosome can cause above-avereage height no treatment required |
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gene-linked abnormalities
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cystic fibrosis: glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production, breathing and digestion are hampered resulting in a shortened lifespan
treatment: physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes and antibiotics diabetes: body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar treatment: early onset can be fatal unless treated with insulin hemophilia: delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding treatment: blood transfusion/injections can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding huntington disease: central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordinating & mental deterioration treatment: does not appear until 35+ yrs old, death likely 10-20 years after symptoms PKU: metabolic disorder special diet can result in average intelligence and normal lifespan sickle-cell anemia: blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply, can cause joint swelling as well as heart&kidney failure treatment: penicillin, medication for pain, antibiotics spina bifida: neural tube disorder cause brain and spine abnormalities treatment: corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices |
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hazards to prenatal development
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teratogen: any agent that can negatively alter structure, function, cognitive and behavioral outcomes
drugs -differential resilience, some drugs are safe, others cause birth defects -prescription: antibiotics, some antidepressants, some hormones, accutane -nonprescription: aspirin, diet pills psychoactive drugs -drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods -includes caffeine, alcohol, nicotine -caffine: small risk of miscarriage and low birth weight at >150 mg daily. increased risk of fetal death > 300mg daily -alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome: facial deformities; defective limbs, face, heart;deficits in intellectual disability; ADHD, emotional/behavioral/social issues incompatible blood types -can cause mother's immune system to produce antibodies that will attack the fetus environmental hazards -environmental hazards: radiation, environmental pollutants and toxic waste -maternal diseases: STD, rubella, diabetes maternal factors -maternal diet and nutrition -maternal age -emotional states and stress paternal factors -exposure to teratogens -paternal age severity of damage to the unborn depends on: dose, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure critical period: a fixed time period during which certain experiences or events can have a long-lasting effect on development most serious damage from teratogens in first 2-8 weeks (first structural defect then functional) |
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prenatal care
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critical intervention
prenatal care typical includes: -screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases -medical care -educational, social, nutritional services |
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transition from fetus to newborn
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birth process is stressful for baby
-anoxia: a condition in which te fetus has an insufficient supply of oxygen -baby secretes adrenaline and noradrenalin neonatal health and responsiveness: -apgar scale: assessed at 1 minute and 5 mintes after birth -health rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort, and reflex irritability -10 is highest, 3 or below life threatening/emergency |
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neonatal measures
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brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale:
-24-36 hrs after birth -assesses neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects -low scare indicate brain damage/other difficulties NNNS: -assesses the "at-risk" infant |
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infant mortality
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-US ranks 26th in infant mortality rate in developed countries
-percentage of LBW rates AND mortality in infants is higher in African American than caucasion women -3 leading causes of infant deaths; congenital malformations, LBW/perterm, SIDS |
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reflexes
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sucking
rooting moro (startle) grasping babinski (toe curling) |
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hospice as a model of care
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-considered to be the model for quality, compassionate care for end of life
-team-oriented approach to expert edical care, ppain management, and emotional/spiritual support |
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focus of hospice care
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-caring, not curing
-each of us has the right to die pain-free and with dignity, our loved ones get the support to allow us to do so -care provided at person's home or hospice centers, nursing homes, hospitcals -available to people of any age/religion, race, or illness |
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5 common regrets of dying
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-had the courage to live a life true to myself, not the life others expected of me
-didnt work so hard -had the courage to express my feelings -stayed in touch with my friends -let myself be happier |
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alzheimer's disease
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-slowly degenerative brain disease marked by changes in behavior and personality. irreverse decline in intellectual abilities, thinking, memory, judgement (cognitive skills)
-leading cause of dementia (loss of cognitive and intellectual function without impairment of perception or consciousness -vulnerable brain regions incude amygdala, hippocampus, areas around the hippocampus -approx 4.5 million people in U.S. -10% 65+ yrs old -50% 85+ yrs old -number of people double every 5 years after age 65 -no known cure -greatest risk factor is age |
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causes of dementia
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-Alzheimer's disease= leading cause of dementia
-AD accounts for atleast 56% of reported ementia cases, possibly as high as 75% - |
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statistics of AD
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-2010- AD was 8th leading cause of death in US
-100,000 people die each year from AD -250,00 new cases every year -14 million Americans will have AD by 2050 unless a cure/prevention is found -7/10 people with AD live at home -in 2000, 40% of all nursing home admission 65+ had AD or dementia |
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race & gender factor of AD
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-Affects men and women equally
-higher prevalence,incidence,cumulative risk of African-American -vascular disease may be particularly powerful factor in the prevalence of AD among african americans -65% africans medicare beneficiaries have hypertension compared to 51% whites higher risk of stroke 60% higher risk of type 2 diabetes |
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pathology of AD
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Amyloid Plaques
-Clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells -Tied bundles of protein that impair the functioning of neurons neurofibrillary tangles -clumps of altered proteins inside cells -tau deposits accumulate in the brain's blood vessels |
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early detection of alzheimer's disease
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-brain scans (MRI), PET scan, EEG scan can detect brain changes typical of early AD before symptoms develop
-certain spinal fluids give early signals of Alzheimer's disease -urine test -autopsy is the only definitive diagnosis |
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treatment for AD
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cholinesterase inhibitors
-prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine -currently 4 drugs approved by FDA to treat AD -50% of those with AD on meds show modest&temporary improvement in cognitive functioning vitamin E -may inhibit molecular activity contributing to brain cell damage (oxidative stress) family counseling and support group physical other medication -may be prescribed to treat symptoms as agitation, anxiety, depression, and poor sleep |
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stereotypes and ageism
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-ageism is a negative form of prejudice
-older members of action groups have gained political clout and lobbying power -social issues associated with aging include: social security/economic stability; medicare& health care costs -exponentially growing percentage of pop over age 65 |
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working & retirement
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-78 million baby boomers reach retirement age by 2010, but federal laws will allow many to continue working
- 80% expect to work during retirement years -cognitive ability best predictor of job performances -work provides older works: productive activity, social interactions, a positive identity |
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sources of income for older americans
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40% social security
21% asset income 19% public&private pensions 17% earnings from work 3% other sources |
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labor force participation rates of men age 55+
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age 55-51 = 90%
70+ = 20% |
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life expectancy
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the number of years that will probably be lived by the average individual born in a particular year
human lifespan has not changed throughout history life expectancy in the US has increased to an average of 78 years due to: -medical advances -better nutrition -more exercise -healthier lifestyle life expectancy in the US from african americans is average of 70 years |
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gender differences in longevity
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-today, females is 80, males is 74
-by the time adults are 75 years old, more than 61% of population is female -differences due to health attitudes, habits, lifestyle, and occupations |
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men are more likely than women to die from
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-respiratory cancer and coronary heart disease
-motor vehicle accidents -suicide -cirrhosis of the liver and emphysema |
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sex differences in life expectancy
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-may be narrowing as more women are exposed to work place stress
-influenced by biological factors females outlive males in virtually all species |
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life span
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the maximum life span of human beings is approximately 120 years of age
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centenarians
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-fasting growing segment of population
-77,000 in 2000 compared to 15,000 in 1980. expected to be 834,000 in 2050: 85% women men have better physical and cognitive function geographic clustering at the gym |
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what can you do to live longer?
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-genes
-caloric restrictions -antioxidants -hormone supplements: DHEA and HGH -dietary supplements -exercise, balanced diet, don't smoke, regular medical check ups |
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living arrangements of late adulthood
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-95% of older adults live in the community
-2/3 live with familiar members, 1/3 alone -half of older women 75 years and older live alone -only 5% adults over 65 live in institutions, but the older they are, the more likely -23% of adults 85 years and over live in institutions |
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grandparents as caregivers
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2.5 million grandparents in US raising children
-more than 4.5 million children under age 18 being cared for by grandparents reasons: parental substance abuse, child abuse, neglect or abandonment to unemployment, divorce, AIDS and death challenges -fixed income, declining health, family strains, locating services and resources |
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late adulthood age-related changes
physical appearance, sensory changes, physical changes, cognitive changes, language |
decline immune system
decline in sensory episodic memory- retention of imofrmation abot the where and when of life's happenings -semantic memory= expertise explicit memory- facts consciously can state implicit memory- memory without conscious recollection (doesnt decline as much) prospective memory- doing something in the future source memory- where one learned something deicision making is good |
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changes in the brain
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-brain shrinks 5%-10% between ages 20-90
-some areas of the brain shrink more than others -shrinking of prefrontal cortex is linked to decrease in working memory in older adults -a general slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begins in middle adulthood |
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physical changes in late adulthood
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-immune system declines in functioning with aging with decrease of T cells, exercise helps
-influenza vaccine is important -people get shorter due to bone loss (men: 1.25 inches from age 30-70 women: 2 inches from 25-75 ) -weight bearing exercise/training help reduce muscle mass loss and changes in body appearance |
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sensory changes
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sensory changes in late adulthood involves:
-vision and hearing (hearing aids, night vision, taste and smell, touch and pain) -degenerative changes in the retina result in decreased light entering it -eye diseases: cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration -hearing impairments -decreased sensitivity in pain |
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causes of death in late adulthood
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6 leading causes of deaths in older adults are:
-heart disease -cancer -cerebrovascular disease (stroke) -chronic lung disease -pneumonia or influenza -diabetes nearly 75% die from the first 3 of the causes |
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cognitive changes in late adulthood
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memory changes with age, but areas tend to be multidirectional
-not all aspects of memory decline with age -decline occurs mainly in older adults' episodic and work memory, not in semantic or implicit memory -decline in perceptual speed is linked to memory decline |
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statistics of late adulthood
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% 65+ years old moderate or servere memory impairment
-34% males 85+ 31% females 85+ most prevalent chronic condition age 65+ arthritis |
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disability and aging: down syndrome
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shortened life expectancy: avg 55 yrs
cognitive function: -age related decline 10-20 years earlier than typical -most over age 40 show some neuropathological changes characteristics of AD -only some develop dementia |
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alzheimer's and DS
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individuals with MR other than DS not at increased risk
genetic material on chromosome 21 responsible for age-related brain changes? -gene which produces APP is located at C 21 -Amyloid is protein associated with AD |
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cerebral palsy and aging
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-not much research
-impact of aging varies due to variety of disabilities -life expectancy might be lower -physical challenges may intensify with age (increased spasticity, fatigue, loss of strength, declining mobility) |
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cerebral palsy and aging : physical stresses
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-effects of spasticity and lack of mobility
-increased joint and muscle pain -declining mobility due to bone and muscle mass loss -abnormal stress on bones and muscles -bowel and bladder problem -pressure sores and skin breakdown -sometimes breathing problems -difficulties with eating and swallowing |
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CP and aging: social stress
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-more energy for day to day tasks, leaving less for social activities
-decreased opportunity for social and leisure activities -no longer have family members as support (ex. help communicate in appointments) |
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autism and aging
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lack research on adults
-first individual diagnosed with autism in 1940s BU research (Seltzer) shows changes -more impaired in reciprocal social interactions -fewer repetitive and unusual behaviors -all individuals w/ disabilities are more prone to accidents (poor judgement, institutional living) |
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spinal cord injury and aging
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effects of immobility: osteoporosis, pressure sores, weight gain, GI
-cardiovascular disease (200% higher) -rate of hypertension 2x -diabetes 4x more common in men with spinal cord injury UTI overuse injuries |
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middle adulthood mortality rates
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-chronic diseases now the main cause of death
-3 leading causes of death 1.) heart disease 2.) cancer 3.) cerebrovascular disease -men experience higher mortality rates tan women for all of the leading causes of deaths |
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health impact of overweight and obesity
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increased risk for:
high blood pressure -high blood cholesterol -type 2 diabetes -heart disease and stroke -gall bladder disease -arthritis -sleep disturbance -some types of cancers |
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obesity trends among US adults between 1985 - 2008
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definition: having a very high amount of body fat in relation tip lean body mass, or BMI of 30 or high
Obesity increasing, overweight decreasing |
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obesity trends
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during past 20 years:
-dramatic increase in obesity in US -in 1985 only a few states participated in CDC's BRFSS and provided obesity data -in 1990, 4 states had obesity prevalence rates of 15-19% and no states had rates at or above 20% 1995-2000: from n=50 to n=28 -1995= obseity prevalence in eat of 50 states was less than 20% -2000, 28 states had obesity prevalence rates less than 20% in 2005: n=4 -only 4 states had obesity prevalence rates less than 20% -17 states had prevalence rates equal to or greater than 25%, with 3 having prevalence rates equal to or greater than 30% (louisiana, mississippi, west virginia) |
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prevalence of obesity among men aged 20+
in 1900s vs 2000s prevalence of obesity among women aged 20+ in 1900s vs 2000s |
men
highest in 1900s: mexican american 2000: blacks females highest in 1900s: blacks highest 2000s: blacks |
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diabetes
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-17 million people have diabetes
-6th leading cause of death in america -type 2 affects 90-95% people with diabetes & most often appears at age 40 -blacks are 2x likely and american idians&alaska natives are 2.6x more likely to have diabetes relative to whites -diagnosed diabetes increased 49% from 1990-2000. more recent study says as high as 61% |
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complications of diabetes
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-eye disease & blindness
-kidney disease -amputations -cardiovascular disease -pregnancy complications -flu/pneumonia related deaths |
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primary prevention of diabetes
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-twin epidemics of diabetes and obsesity continue
-from 1991 to 2001, CDC study found 61% increase in Americans, and a 74% increase in obesity, reflecting strong correlation between obesity & development of diabetes -a healthy diet & modest physical activity can help reduce risk for EVER developing type 2 diabetes |
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modifiable lifestyle factors to reduce risk for chronic disease and promote health and well being
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-physical activity
-healthy diet -stop smoking -limit alcohol intake -weight control |
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work in midlife
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-US approximately 80% of individuals aged 40-59 are employed
-age 51-59: slightly less than 25% do not work -an important issue in midlife is choice and power: can an individual continue to do the type of work they want to do |
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midlife crises
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-levinson views midlife as a crisis= a time when the adult is suspended between the past and future, trying to cope with this gap that threatens lifes continuity
-middle-aged adults have: a greater sense of control in their work a greater sense of environmental mastery more autonomy and more power greater financial security |
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meaning in life
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-Victor Frankl's book "Man's search for meaning" emphasized each person's uniqueness and the finiteness of life
-spiritual,freedom, and responsibility -many individuals in middle age begin to ask existential questions: why they exist, what they want from life, what is the meaning of their life |
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Young adulthood cognitive stages
piaget's view realistic vs pragmatic thinking reflective and relativistic thinking |
piaget's view
-more quantitatively advances in their thinking (more knowledge than adolescents) -formal operational stage and idealistic thinking -increase knowledge in a specific area realistic vs pragmatic -face constraints of reality,which work promotes, idealism decreases reflective vs relativistic -move away from absolute thinking and become aware of diverse opinions/multiple perspectives |
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what is an adult?
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permanent full time job
economic independence for more than 70% of college students adult means: -accepting responsibility for consequences of actions -deciding own beliefs and values -establishing a relationship with parents as an equal adult |
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2 stage of young adulthood
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1: 18-25 yrs
2: 25-35 yrs |
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education
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-US becoming a more educated country
-canada has the largest % of 18-21 yr olds attending college, followed by Belgium, France, US -more than 1 out of 5 college student is a returning student |
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college students: 2000-present
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-more stress
-more depressed than in the past -pervasive concerns -increased attendance at community colleges -more returning students |
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college students and stress
-sources of stress -what makes college students happy |
1.
academic (exams, grades, competition) personal (relationships,parental conflicts) economic (balancing work and school) psychological (emotional situations) 2. friend when you want them, solitude when you need it |
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the peak and slowdown in physical performance
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-peak physical performance and health during 20s
-few chronic health problems -hidden danger of peak performance and health -muscle tone and strength begin to decline around age of 30 |
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relevant factors for eating disorders
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body dissatisfaction
media/cultural influences drive for thinness traditional dieting |
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drive for thinness
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-belief that thinness = success, attractiveness, beauty, self-control
-more than 70% of americans were on a weight loss diet in 2006 -55% of normal weight 11-13 yrs old female sees themselves as fat -more than 10% of girls age 9-14 and 3% boys binge eat or purge at least once a week |
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body dissatisfaction
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-average women in US is 5'4, weigh 144, wear size 12
-average american model is 5'11, weigh 117, represent 2% population -medica images represent 5% of female population (95% do not match the cultural ideal) |
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prevalence rates of eating disorders
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anorexia nervosa in women: 0.5-3.7%
bulimia nervosa women: 1.1-4.2% binge eating disorder in women: 2-5% BED in overweight women in weight loss treatment: 30% eating disorders in men: 5-7% |
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impact of eating disorders on development
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health
nutrition/eating patterns mental health body image disturbance fertility self-esteem intimacy relationships identity coping strategies |
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obesity in early adulthood
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-begins or continues to be a serious health problem
-more than 60% in US are overweight -overweight BMI = 25-30 m/kg^2 related factors -heredity -leptin (protein affecting food intake) -metabolism -environment factors -ethnicity and race -gender |
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ethnicity and gender young adulthood
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-African American and latino women in their 20s and 30s become obese faster than whites
-latino men become obese faster than white and african american men potential explanations: -biological vulnerability -socioeconomic forces -environment -women with incomes near poverty are about 1.5x more likely to be obese than women of higher SES males: 67.6% whites are obese/overweight 58.6% of blacks 71.9% hispanics females: 58.1% whites 77.2% blacks 69.5 hispanic |
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environmental factors
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-strong evidence of environment's influence on weight in last 100 years
-greater availability of food (particularly food high in fat) -energy saving devices -declining physical activity obesity 6x more prevalent among women with low income americans are more obese than europeans |
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exercise
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most effective weight loss program includes exercise components
benefits: -burns calories -continues to elevate a person's metabolic rate for several hours after the exercise -lowers a person's set point for weight -both MODERATE and INTENSE activites produce significant physical and psychological gains -helps prevent heart disease, osteoporosis, improves self-concept and reduces anxiety and depression |
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binge drinking
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2007= 41% college students
2011= 36% college students problems reported by almost half of binge drinkers: -missing class -troubles with police -physical injuries -having unprotected sex by mid 20s, may have reduced use of alcohol and drugs |
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functions of friendships
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companionship
intimacy affection support source of self-esteem buffer from stress source of emotional support |
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intimacy
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erikson:
intimacy should come after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities intimacy means finding oneself yet losing oneself in another intimacy vs isolation: if intimacy is not developed in early adulthood, the individual may be left with isolation intimacy vs independence: an intrucate balance |
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6 stages of family life cycle
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1. leaving home allows youth to launch into adulthood
2. marriage is the uniting of 2 entire family systems 3. becoming parents creates new problems and requires lots of adjustments 4. parenting can be challenging when adolescents are seeking autonomy and identity 5. the family at midlife discovers new freedoms 6. family in later life is a time of adaption |
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single adults
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-dramatic rise in number of single adults
-single/unmarried parenthood more common -age 30: increasing pressure to settle down and get married, make conscious decision to marry or remain single -cohabiting opposite sex couples increase |
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death rate among persons 15-24 years old
death rate among persons 25-44 years old |
47%- unintentional injuries
16%- homicides 17%- all other causes 3%-heart disease all other causes: 28% unintentional injuries: 26% cancer: 14% |
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history of autism
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-leo kanner identified in 1943
children from well-educated families, described difficulties mothers had DSMin their relationship with their son or daughter, led to "refrigerator mother" -hans asperger identified similar set of cihldren |
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DSM-5 criteria
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-all autism spectrum disorder
-impairments in social communication & social interaction: social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, impairments in developing, maintaining, understanding relationships restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (need 2): -stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech -insistence of sameness, adherence to routines, ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior -restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus -hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusal sensory interests -present in early childhood -limit or impair everyday functioning -severity rating (1= requiring support, 3= requiring substantial support) |
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causes of autism
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genetics
-if one identical twin has autism, 60% case the other twin has PDD. recurrence in siblings is 1/5 (19%) -rate higher among younger brothers (1/4) than among younger sisters (1/9) -multiple genes interacting brain structure and chemistry: limbic system amygdala hyppocampus cerebellum cerebral cortex seratonin mirror neurons prenatal insults (teratogens) maternal rubella thalidomide exposure environment toxins (brick township, NJ) other neurological conditions (anoxia at birth) immunizations (MMR, thimerisol) |
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treatments for autism
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-early intervention
-education and behavioral training have should most consistent positive effects -medications -ABA (lovaas) |
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autism red flags
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-no babbling by 12 months of age
-no use of gestures by 12 months of age -does not say single words by 16 months -doesn't say 2 word phrases by 24 months -loses language or social skills -doesn't respond to name -has odd movement patterns -doesn't play with toys -doesn't smile when smiled at -poor eye contact -gets stuck on things over and over and an't move on -seems to be in his/her own world -not interested in other children |
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adolescence aspects of identity
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desired career path
religious beliefs social and intimate relationships sexual and gender identity cultural or ethnic identity personality traits physical body image occurs over time, throughout adolescence |
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adolescence emotional development
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-increased interest in self-portrayal
-search for an identity -emotional swings -girls self esteem declines due to puberty, boys increase -identity confusion is gap between the security of childhood and autonomy of adulthood |
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adolescent egocentrism
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imaginary audience- belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are
personal fable- invincibility |
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adolescence piaget's theory
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-adolescent thought is at the formal operational stage
-thought is more abstract -hypothetical-deductive reasoning -critical thinking |
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adolescent dilemmas
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-decision making
-pressure to conform -more independence vs more attention -maturity in cognitive abilities -discrepancy in ideal vs real |
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peer groups in adolescent
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-cliques
-harry stack sullivan on friendships -dating |
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developing a sexual identity
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-puberty: a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence
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most noticeable physical changes in adolescence
adolescent sexuality is initiated by |
1.
-pubic hair growth -facial and chest hair growth in males -breast growth in females -increased height and weight -sexual maturity 2. males: first ejaculation, voice change, penis elongation, and testes development females: highly irregular menstrual cycles, rounding of breasts, widening of hips |
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Early onset of puberty can create risks for females
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-depression
-eating disorders -use of alcohol, drugs, and/or tobacco -earlier dating and sexual involvement with males -possible lower educational attainment pubertal changes have a strong effect on the adolescent's body imagine, dating interest, and sexual behavior |
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adolescent sexuality
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-time of exploration, experimentation, and sexual fantasies
-bridge between the asexual child and sexual adulthood- reaction of each society may vary -television/media contribute to the sexual culture -developing a sexual identity involves: sexual behavior, indication of sexual orientation - |
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risk factors for sexual problems
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-probability of sexual intercourse increases steadily with age
-young adolescents (<age 16): least effective users of contraception, at higher risk for unintended pregnancy and STDs -early sexuality is linked with excessive drinking and drug use |
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sexually transmitted diseases
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3 million american teens
gonorrhea HIV/AIDS Chlamydia |
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contraceptive use
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2 kinds of risks that youth encounter:
-unintended/unwanted pregnancy -sexually transmitted diseases a sexually active adolescent who does not use contraception has a 90% chance of pregnancy within a year |
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consequences of adolescent pregnancy
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-adolescent pregnancy creates health risks for both the offspring and the mother
-infants born to teens more likely to have: low birth weights, neurological problems, childhood illness -often drop out of school -often have a low SES |
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drug use in adolescence
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US has highest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation
alcohol most widely used use of drugs among US secondary school students declined in the 1980s, but began to increase in the 1990s drugs used by teens: inhalants, marijuana, hallucinogens, amphetamines |
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leading cause of deaths/disability in adolescence
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#1- accidents- motor vehicle
#2- homocide #3- suicide (tripled since 1950)d -accidents: mostly automobiles due to risky driving habits and driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs -traumatic brain injury: acquired disability in childhood and adolescence -spinal cord injury: young men 16-24 -suicide: accounts for 6% of deaths in 10-14 age, 12% deaths in 15-19 age -homicide: especially high among african american male adolescents, who are 3x more likely to be killed by guns than natural cause |
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depression
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-more likely to occur in adolescence than i nchildhood
-girls have high rate of depression -risk factors: family poor peer relations experiencing difficult changes |
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suicide in adolescents
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-males and females: most prevalent suicide attempt in american indian/alaska native
-white males have higher rate of suicide |
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middle to late childhood
elementary school- what are important areas of development |
-motor
gross motor(smoother, more coordinated) fine motor (improved, fine-tuned) hands used as tools (hammering, pasting, tying shoes, and fastening clothes) 10-12 years (manipulative skills similar to adults) -social and emotional development increased ability to understand complex emotions, increased understanding of multiple emotions in single situation, increased ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions, use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings -social cognition involves thoughts about social matters peer relations children need to know what scripts to follow to get other children to be their friends |
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children go through 5 steps in processing information about their social world
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-encode social cues
-interpret social cues -search for response -select an optimal response -enact appropriate response |
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health concerns of middle/late childhood
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-most common cause of severe injury and death: motor vehicle accidents
-other serious injuries skateboards, rollerkskates, and other sports -safety helmets, protective eye, shields, padding |
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cancer in middle/late childhood
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-cancer is the 2nd leading cause of deaths in children 5-14 years old
-current 1 in every 330 children in the US develops cancer before the age of 19 -incidence is increasing -mainly those of the white blood cells, brain, bone, lymph system, muscles, kidney, and nervous system |
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types of cancer in children
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39%- leukemia
15%- brain 12%- other |
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overweight in children
overweight in adolescents |
-17% of children 6-9 are overweight
- tripled for children and adolescents in last 20 years -70% chance of overweight in adulthood -risk of heart disease and high cholesterol -type 2 diabetes increased dramatically -some forms of cancer -social consequences |
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some causes of overweight in children
exercise in childhood |
-school lunches
-62% of children aged 9-13 do not participate in any organized physical activity in non-school hours - 23% do not engage in any free-time physical activity -43% of adolescents watch more than 2 hours of tv each day |
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transition to elementary school
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-new role as a student
-new relationships, new reference groups, and new standards for judging themselves -emerging concerns: new evidence that early schooling proceeds mainly on the basis of negative feedback -vygotsky: ZPD with scaffolding (parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with parents) upper limit: level with assistance of an instructor lower limit: child can work alone |
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who are children with disabilities
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-aprrox 10% of all children in US receive special education
-of children wiht disabilities: 50% have learning disability 21% have speech/language impairments 12% have intellectual disability 9% have serious emotional disturbance 3 times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability |
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learning disabilities
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children with a learning disability:
-are of normal intelligence or above -have difficulties in at least one academic are and usually several -adhd is considered a learning disability in the school context inclusion: educating children w disability in regular classroom mainstream: education children with disability partially in special education class and partiall in regular classroom |
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piaget on early childhood
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a preeschooler's world is creative, free, and franciful
piaget's preoperational stage: 2-7yrs: -thinking=acting -can mentally rehearse physical acts but thinking is flawed first substage of preoperational thought: symbolic functions: scribbled drawings rep. real objects child at age 2-4 still limited by: egocentrism and animism |
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self-talk in early childhood
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vygotsky
-language and thought develop independently then merge - child uses language to communicate with others before she/he can focus on inward thoughts -transition to internal speech: age 3-7 piaget -self-talk is egocentric and reflects immaturity |
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parenting styles
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authoritative:
most effective type, appears to transcend boundaries of ethnicity, SES, family structure demanding, controlling, accepting, responsive: authoritative demanding, controlling, rejecting, unresponsive: authoritarian undemanding, uncontrolling, accepting, responsive: indulgent undemanding, uncontrolling, rejecting, nresponsive: neglectful |
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preterm infants
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BW < 2500 gm (5.5 lbs)
-birth < 37 weeks gestation 400,000 births/year in US but rising -about 50% LBW and perterm children receive some type of special education services |
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preterm are needs
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warmth- usually through incubator
kangaroo care environmental modulation most prefer darkness; older babies may tolerate more light containment/comfort/positioning secure, but not straight jacket nurturing/social interaction based on baby's maturity - touch interaction before visual sucking helps them self-console/organize - |