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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 4 IM Diseases
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HIV/ Aids
Cancer Rheumatic Diseases Asthma |
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What type of virus is HIV
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retrovirus
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What is primary target of HIV?
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CD4 lymphocyte (Thelper)
causes cell death of cd4 T cells |
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What is AIDS?
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progressive impairment of immune system by HIV
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What factors diagnose HIV
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Low CD4 counts (<200 cells/mm3) normal is 1000
High viral loads > 5000 copies per mL Presence of one or more specific opportunistic infections or malignancies |
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Where did AIDS start?
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Africa, Congo 1959
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Did it spread through heterosexual or homosexual population?
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heterosexual first. high rate of extramarital sex, low condom usage, and high rate of gonorrhea
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How many people live w/ HIV/AIDS @ 2003?
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40 million
2.5 mil of that children < 15 26 mil in Sub Sahara Africa |
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What are 2020 projections for AIDS?
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65 million deaths form AIDS
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So as of today what stage is AIDS in for an epidemic?
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early ... going to get worse
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What creates increased survival time of AIDS in US?
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advanced drug therapy
early detection lifestyle changes |
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How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?
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exchange of cell-containing bodily fluids, such as semen and blood
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Is there a standard time between contracting HIV and getting AIDS?
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no, varies widely
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How is AIDS transferred?
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Drug users
Homosexual men Heterosexual population Transmission from mother to child |
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What is largest group of AIDS?
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Heterosexual population
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Do more men or women have AIDS?
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Men. 78% to 22%
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Is AIDS fastest growing among men or women?
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Women
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What ethnic group gets AIDS?
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Minorities, low income blacks, hispanics
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What is ACute HIV infection?
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shows w/in a week
fever, sore throat, flu like symptoms |
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What does AIDS look like at 3-6 weeks?
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asymptomatic
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What is primary prevention for AIDS?
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avoid development of disease?
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What is secondary prevention for AIDS?
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early disease detection to prevent progression and symptom development
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What is teriary prevention for AIDS?
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reduce negative impact of established disease
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What are 2 strategies for primary prevention of AIDS?
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employ behavior change methods to alter problematic behaviors
Keep people from developing poor health habits in first place |
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What are some examples of primary prevention?
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condom use
limit number of sex partners don't share needles |
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What are some examples of secondary prevention?
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early detection/screening
teach patients behaviors to prevent spread of HIV antiretroviral drug therapy to keep HIV disease from occuring |
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What are some examples of tertiary prevention for AIDS?
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antiretroviral drug therapy
adherence training CBT |
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what is Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?
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improves health of those w/ HIV
combination of drugs msut have adherence side affects are unpleasant adherence is variable at best |
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What is a psychosocial impact of people who have HIV but not yet AIDS?
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live life with uncertainty and fear. depression can occur
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What are benefits of HIV disclosure?
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positive health consequences, more CD4 cells than non-disclosers
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Is remaining in the closet associated with faster progression of HIV disease?
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yes
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Depression is more likely for someone with HIV if they have...
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very little social support
use avoidant coping strategies have more severe HIV symptoms |
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What is a great type of intervention to reduce spread of HIV/AIDS?
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education
change risk-related behavior target sexual activity target IV drug use CBT interventions (decrease stress) HIV prevention programs |
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Is HIV/AIDS a chronic disease?
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yes
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Can men with HIV work?
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yes
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Can men who are not working who have HIV return to work?
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No
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Does disease move fast or slow for those w/ good social support?
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Slow
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Can your beliefs about your self correlate to helper T cell count?
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Yes
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Does writing interventions help?
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yes, led to greater adherence and less distress from side effects
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do all cancers result from DNA dysfunction?
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yes
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What is neoplastic growth?
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rapid cell growth and proliferation
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What are 2 types of neoplasmic growth?
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benign (localized), and malignant (can spread and metastasize)
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Name 4 malignant cancers
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carcinomas (skin,stomach)
Sarcomas (connective tissue, bone, muscle) Leukemias (white blood cells) Lymphoma (cancer of lymphatic system) |
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Have death rates declined in response to change in health related behaviors?
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yes
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Is cancer species specific?
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Yes
Mice get many cancers, monkeys get few |
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Do cancers develop in different ways in different species?
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Yes
Breast cancer is quite different in dogs than humans |
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Do cancers have long/irregular growth cycles?
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yes
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how are tumors measured?
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in terms of doubling time
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Is there variation w/in species?
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yes
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Are cancers genetically based?
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Yes
Colon and breast |
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Can cancer be ethnically linked?
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Yes
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Blacks have a ____ % greater incidence of and mortality from cancer than white
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40-50%
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Do hispanics, asians, and native americans have higher or lower rates than European Americans?
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Lower
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What are these differences attributed to?
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access to medical care
adherence to treatment knowledge attitudes about cancer SES |
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Who has greatest bladder cancer?
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White men
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Who has greatest malignant melanoma?
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White men
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Who has greatest cervical cancer?
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Hispanic women
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Who has greatest prostate cancer?
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Black men
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Who has greatest liver cancer?
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Chinese
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Who has greatest stomach cancer?
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Japanese
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Who has greatest mortality breast cancer?
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Black women
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What is the strongest risk factor for cancer?
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Age
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What other risk factor is at play for cancer?
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Envt
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What are some cancerous chemicals?
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Arsenic, Benzene, chromium, vinyl chloride, various petroleum products
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What are 2 behavioral risk factors?
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poor diet, tobacco use
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Can spoiled food cause stomach cancer?
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Yes
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Is fat a risk for colon cancer?
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Yes
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High cholesterol is a risk for what cancer in men?
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testicular cancer
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What are 2 risk factors for colorectal cancer?
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Obesity, and diet
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What are some protective foods?
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beta-carotene (Vit A)
Vit C Selenium (grains and meats) flavonols (veggies/fruits) Water |
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Alcohol can cause what cancers?
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tongue, tonsils, esophagus, pancreas, breast, liver
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Is alcohol cancer synergistic w/ smoking?
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yes
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What are risk factors for skin cancer?
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UV exposure especially light skinned fair haired blue eyed people
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What are 2 AIDS related carcinomas?
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Kaposi's sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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What are some psychosocial risk factors for cancer?
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feelings of helplessness and repressing emotions
Uncontrollable stress |
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What factor is involved with initiation of cancer?
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behavioral factors
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What factor is involved with progression of cancer?
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stress exposure
ways of coping |
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What causes rapid advance of cancer?
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avoidance
depression avoidant/passive coping pessimism stress |
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What does stress cause (immune related)?
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inability of NK cells to destroy tumors
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People who cope with cancer stress have good _____ (immune related)?
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IL-6 helps minimize tumors
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More than _______ of cancer victims live at least ______ years after their diagnosis
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1/3, 5 years
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Do married patients have better survival rates?
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Yes, spouse provides support
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Does cancer affect sex desire?
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yes
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Can cancer cause PTSD?
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yes, leukemia in children. Rarely affects adults this way though
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Do cancer patients have less psychological problems than psychiatric disorder patients?
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yes
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What do pharmacological interventions center on?
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nausea and vomiting, anorexia, emotional disorders, pain
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What do CBT interventions focus on?
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stress, pain, appetite control, relaxation, guided imagery
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What do psychotherpeutic interventions focus on?
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meeting psychosocial and informational needs
Individual, family, or group |
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What is autoimmunity?
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body produces immune response against itself
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What is the #1 autoimmune disease?
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Arthritis
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What does arthritis mean?
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Inflammation of joint
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What are 3 types of arthritis?
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Rheumatoid
Osteoarthritis Gout |
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What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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crippling form attack hands, feet, wrists, ankles, and neck
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Who does Rheumatoid Arthritis affect?
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Women (more) and age 40-60
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What are complications of RA?
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pain, limitations in activities, dependent on others
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Is stress a factor in RA?
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Yes, it could be
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What are 2 side effects of RA?
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Stress and Depression
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How can you treat RA?
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Aspirin, NSAIDS, Cox2 inhibitors
rest supervised exercise |
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What are some CBT interventions for RA?
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Enhance self efficacy
optimism relapse prevention strategies |
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Juvenile RA occurs at what age?
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2-5 years
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What is Osteoarthritis?
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results when articular cartilage crags or wears away because of overuse of joint
can also be from injury/disease |
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OA is common among whom?
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Athletes and elderly
more common in WOMEN |
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Treatment for OA?
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keep weight down, exercise, aspirin, steroids
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What is Gout?
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buildup of uric acid in body (kidneys cant excrete acid)
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Should Gout people take aspirin?
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No
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Who is Gout common in? (M/W)
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Men
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What body part does gout effect most?
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big toe
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How to treat GOUT
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avoid alcohol, maintain weight, exercise, fluid intake
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Is gout deadly?
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yes can be
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Does aspirin help Gout?
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no, slows uric acid removal
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What other diseases can untreated Gout cause?
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Kidney disease
High BP CAD Stroke |
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What triggers gout?
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Food
Stress Infection Antibiotics Diuretics |
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What foods should Gout ppl stay away from?
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Fatty and Purine Rich
= beer, anchovies, sardines, yeast, organ meat, gravy other foods: high fat foods, fried foods |
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Can quick diets help or worsen gout?
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Worsen. Can cause uric acid levels in blood to increase
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What is asthma?
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severe allergic reaction
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What triggers asthma?
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Dust, dander, pollens, mold, fungi, animal dander, cockroaches, smoke, air pollutants, stress or exercise
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What does asthma do?
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produces bronchial spasms and hyperventilation. Muscle constriction, swelling, inflammation of airtubes, increased mucus, decreased bronchiole obstruction, lower O2, and higher CO2
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Has asthma increased or decreased in past 20-30 years?
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Increased
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____ in _____ children have asthma
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1 in 10
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Is Asthma found more or less in industrialized countries?
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More
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Is asthma found more in rural or urban aras?
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urban
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Are children w/ lots of childhood diseases more or less likely to develop allergies?
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Children with more diseases ae LESS LIKELY to get allergies/asthma
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What is traditional view of asthma?
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alelrgic reaction to substances in envt
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What is genetic vulnerability theory of asthma?
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diathesis-stress model
immune system overacts if exposed to certain envtl agents |
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What is hygiene hypothesis for asthma?
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result of cleanliness
immune system haven't been exposed to many allergens so when exposed it overreacts |
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What is an asthma attack?
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trouble breathing
can be scary fear and anxiety present |
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Do frequent asthma attacks cause decrease in self efficacy?
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yes
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What is primary goal of managing asthma?
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to minimize attacks
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How else do you manage asthma?
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take preventative medicines (anti-inflammatory corticosteroid inhalers) but adherence is a problem
use emergency inhales (bronchodilators) |
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What does a peak flow meter do?
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measures amount of air blown out of lungs
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Who has a greater peak flow? Men or Women?
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Men
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