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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Describe the position of black people in America in 1929. |
About 10% of the American people were black. Most of them lived in the Southern States where most still lived on farms growing cotton, sugar and tobacco. Although slavery had been abolished in 1865, black people were still treated very badly due to segregation. |
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What was segregation? |
Segregation was a set of laws in the Southern states of America that discriminated against black people. They were also known as the Jim Crow Laws. The laws stopped people from sharing the same facilities as white people. They also stopped black people from being able to vote. |
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What were share-croppers? |
Many black people were forced to work as share-croppers in the southern states. This meant that they would not get paid for months until the harvest of cotton, tobacco or sugar had been gathered or sold. |
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What was the KKK? |
This was a racist and illegal organisation set up to persecute non-whites or non-protestants in the USA. The main group of people that the KKK persecuted were black people. The KKK beat up and even murdered hundreds of black people from the 1930s and the 1960s. Membership of the KKK fell dramatically from milions in the 1920s to a few thousand by 1990. |
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What was lynching? |
The illegal murder of black people usually by hanging by a rope from a tree. This was often organised by the KKK. The word 'lynching' has also been used for the general persecution of black people. |
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What was the Harlem Rensaissance? |
This was when many talented black musicians did well for themselves by playing jazz and blues to white audiences in New York during the 1920s and early 1930s. Black epople in cities all across America were given the confidence to express their culture through literature, drama, dance, art and music. It as important because it probably led to black people having the confidence and bravery to begin protest in large numbers during the following decades. |
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What was the NAACP? |
The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. It was set up in 1909 as an organisation to campaign for the rights of black people in America. |
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Describe how black people were affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s. |
Black people suffered worse than white people. They had to face segregation as well as low wages and unemployment. The New Deal did help black people a little. About a million black people left the Southern States in the 1920s and 1930s to move to the northern states. |
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What was the Jim Crow Army? |
This was black people being segregated in the US Army and the second World War. |
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What was the Double V Campaign? |
This was black people fighting in the segregated US army against the racist Nazis, but also protesting against racism against black people back home in America. |
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During the 1950s what was the main thing that the Civil Rights Movement protested about? |
They were protesting against Segregation. |
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What was 'Brown v Topeka'? |
This was a court case in Kansas in 1954. Linda Brown and her family, with the help of the NAACP took the Topeka Board of Education to court because even year old Linda wasn't allowed to go to her local school as it was for whites only. The Browns won the case and the court said that segregation in schools was illegal under the US Constitution. |
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Explain why the Montgomery Bus Boycott was so important. |
The Montgomery Bus Boycott took place from December 1955 to December 1956. Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give her seat up for a white person. She was arrested and this led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, led by Martin Luther King. This was important as it led to the bus company ending segregation and to the Supreme Court ruling that segregation on transport was illegal. It also led to other protests in restaurants and on other forms of transport and by the start of the 1960s, segregation, as well as being illegal had virtually ended in public facilities. |
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What happened at Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957? |
Even though the US Supreme Court had clearly made segregation in schools illegal after the Brown v Topeka case, some southern states continued to stop black children going to the same schools as white children. In September 1957, the governor of Arkansas used National Guard to stop nine black children from going into Little Rock High School. President Eisenhower sent Federal Troops in to make sure that the children were allowed to go into the school. This was bery important because it showed that the government was very serious aboyut ending segregation. Integrating black children into schools was a very slow process. |
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What were sit-ins? |
These were black people protesting against segregation in the late 1950s and early 1960s. They sat in 'white only' restaurants and cinemas until they were dragged away or arrested. The sit-ins helped to bring an end to segregation in the southern states. |
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What were freedom rides? |
These were protests by black people against segregation in the late 1950s and early 1960s. After the Supreme Court had declared segregation as illegal, black people rode on buses and trains. There were violent clashes but by the early 1960s this led to segregation ending on transport. |
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What were the two main things that the Civil Rights movement protested for during the 1960s? |
The vote equality for black people. |
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How important was Martin Luther King Jnr. in the Civil Rights Movement? |
Very important. He was the main leader of peaceful protest. 1956- He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott 1959- He wrote the book 'Stride Toward Freedom.' inspiring more people to protest. 1956-1962- He organised sit-ins and freedom rides. 1963- March on Washington and 'I have a dream' speech. This helped to lead to 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. 1968- He was assassinated. |
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Describe the 1964 Civil Rights Act. |
This law made racial discrimination illegal in public places and in jobs. Businesses could lose government funding or be fined or even closed down if they continued to be racist. |
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Describe the 1965 Voting Rights Act. |
This law made it illegal to do anything to stop balck people from registering to vote or voting. It led to millions of black people taking up their right to vote for the first time. |
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Explain why some black people turned to more violent protests in the middle and late 1960s. |
Some were unhappy with the peaceful protest of Martin Luther King. Some were unhappy because things were changing too slowly. Leaders like Malcolm X encouraged young black people to do more than just peaceful protest. 1965- Watts Riot in LA. Black Pantghers were a group that believed in violent protest. The assassination of MLK in 1968 led to more violence. |
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What was Black Power? |
'Black Power' was a phrase used by Stokely Carmichael in a speech in 1966. He did not say that black people should be violent. He argued that black people should not just quietly try to get equality with white people but should be 'loud and proud' of their own history and culture. He also adopted the phrase 'Black is Beautiful. |
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Explain how black people made progress in politics, the media and sport from the 1970s onwards. |
Politics - 1967 Carl Stokes first black mayor; 1980s Jesse Jackson was a presidential candidate. Media - Sidney Poitier won an won an oscar in 1962, Michael Jackson, Bill Cosby on TV, Eddie Murphy, Wesley Snipes, Will Smith. Sport - By 1990s Michael Jordan was the highest paid athlete in the world. 1989 - Colin Powell becomes the Chairman of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, the highest ranking military position. 1990 onwards- Tiger Woods starts to dominate the traditionally white world of professional golf. |
