How Cells Release Energy

Front 1

What types of cells use ATP as an energy source?

Back 1

All known cells use ATP to supply energy for cell functions.

Front 2

Photosynthetic Autotrophs

Back 2

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria make carbohydrate by photosynthesis

Front 3

Heterotrophs

Back 3

Glucose produced by photosynthesis feeds the autotroph which is also fed upon by heterotrophs such as animals, fungi, many protists, and most prokaryotes.

Front 4

Plants and photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Back 4

Plants do both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Front 5

How much glucose

Back 5

About half of the glucose produced by plants is used by plants themselves.

Front 6

Does a cell obtain energy from food in a single-step or multi-step catabolic process? What advantage might one have over the other? Are enzymes involved in these reactions?

Back 6

Cellular respiration is a complex multi-step metabolic pathway. Enzymes are involved in these reactions.

Front 7

Before being usable food must be digested or broken down to what level?

Back 7

Monomers

Front 8

Energy released from "food" during catabolism is used to synthesize what in the cell?

Back 8

ATP

Front 9

Aerobic

Back 9

With oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide

Front 10

Anaerobic

Back 10

Without oxygen

Front 11

Outer and inner membranes of mitochondrion structure

Front 12

Cristae

Back 12

Folds of inner membrane

Front 13

Matrix

Back 13

Space

Front 14

Simplified overall balanced equation for the complete (aerobic) breakdown of a molecule of glucose

Back 14

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy to form ATP

Front 15

Maximum total net yield of ATP's complete breakdown of glucose molecule. How efficient is this?

Back 15

36 or 38...usually 36. In theory we convert about 39% of potential energy and lose 61%

Front 16

Does the body maintain a large supply of ATP? About how much ATP is in the body at a given time? Does this require continuous cycling?

Back 16

ATP is not made in large quantity, but small amounts and is continuously used and recharged.

Front 17

NAD+

Back 17

Co-enzyme that accepts two high energy electrons plus a hydrogen ion (H+) to become NADH.

Front 18

FAD

Back 18

co-enzyme that accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H+) to become FADH2

Front 19

How do NAD+ and FAD function in the process of cellular respiration?

Back 19

Act as energy carrier molecules in cellular respiration pathways.

Front 20

Where does glycolysis take place?

Back 20

Outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm.

Front 21

How many ATPs are produced per glucose molecule by glycolysis?

Back 21

Produces 4 ATP during the reaction.

Front 22

What molecule is broken down in glycolysis?

Back 22

Glucose

Front 23

What are the end products of glycolsis?

Back 23

Two molecules of pyruvate(3-carbon sugar)

2 NADH to be used later

Front 24

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 24

Does not use oxygen- anaerobic

Front 25

Where does the Transition step take place?

Back 25

Matrix of the mitochondrion

Front 26

The Krebs Cycle (Citric Cycle)

Back 26

Multi-step reaction in the mitochondrion. Input is 2-carbon acetyl-CoA from the transition step. Turns twice. Produces 2 CO2 per cycle (4 total). Produces total of 6NADPH+6H+ and 2FADH2. Net energy yield is 2 ATP.

Front 27

Electron Transport Chain

Back 27

Occurs along cristae of mitochondrion. Series of carrier proteins accept electrons and pass them along until they are received by O2 which then joins hydrogen ions to form water. Receives electrons from NADH and FADH2. Uses oxygen, produces water. Net energy yield is 34 ATP

Front 28

How many ATPs are produced by reactions that take place within the mitochondria?

Back 28

36 ATP per glucose

Front 29

What is the theoritcal total of ATPs produced by photosynthesis?

Back 29

38 ATP

Front 30

After a mitochondrion has paid its "operating expenses" what is the approximateactual ATP yield from the breakdown of one glucose molecule?

Back 30

30

Front 31

Can fats and proteins be used in cellular respiration?

Back 31

Yes

Front 32

What must be done to fats and proteins beofre they enter cellular respiration?

Back 32

Undergo moderation before entering cellular respiration

Front 33

What is deamination?

Back 33

The amino group is removed and converted into ammonia, then into urea and excreted in urine.

Front 34

What happens to the amino group after the removal from an amino acid?

Back 34

May be broken down to enter the cellular respiration process at various points to release energy, or converted into a carbohydrate or fat, or used to rebuild amino acids.

Front 35

What are the essential amino acids?

How many?

Back 35

8 because we cannot make them and therefore they must be included in our bodies. Histidine, isolecucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

Front 36

What is another name for fermentation?

Back 36

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Front 37

Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 37

Anaerobic

Front 38

Two examples of organisms/cells that can do both aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation

Back 38

facultative anaerobes and human muscle

Front 39

General reactions of fermentation

Back 39

glycolisis and the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid or alcohol and CO2.

Front 40

Where in the cell does fermentation occur?

Back 40

Cytoplasm

Front 41

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 41

the energy of NADHis used to convert 3 carbon pyruvate into CO2 plus a 2 carbon alcohol, ethanol. Product is ethanol and carbon dioxide

Front 42

What conversion takes place in alcoholic fermentation?

Back 42

NADH to 3 carbon pyruvate into CO2 plus a 2 carbon alcohol.

Front 43

What types of organisms do alcoholic fermentation?

Back 43

Plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms

Front 44

lactic acid fermentation

Back 44

The energy of NADH is used to convert 3 carbon pyruvate into 3 carbon lactic acid

Front 45

What conversion takes place in lactic acid fermentation?

Back 45

NADH to 3 carbon pyruvate into 3 carbon lactic acid

Front 46

What types of organisms do lactic acid fermentation?

Back 46

animals and many unicellular organisms

Front 47

What does a cell do with lactic acid of CO2 and alcohol produced by fermentation?

Back 47

Excreted from the cell. Can result in unconsciousness, death, cramps, pain, fatigue

Front 48

Oxygen Debt

Back 48

We still must pay back (provide) the oxygen necessary for complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, so we tend to breathe heavily for a period of time after we stop exercising.

Front 49

Fermentation and complete aerobic glucose breakdown in animals? Why is this inefficient?

Back 49

only produces 2 ATP rather than 36-38 ATP

Front 50

Why does fermentation have an advantage when muscles need a lot of energy very quickly?

Back 50

It is inefficient, but very powerful.

Front 51

In animal cells, what problems may be caused by the buildup of lactate?

Back 51

muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue

Front 52

Two applications of the fermentation process of economic importance to humans?

Back 52

Baking and alcohol production.