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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Continuous spectrum
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Law #1 – The excited atoms within a hot dense object give off light of all colors (wavelengths) and produce a continuous spectrum -- a complete rainbow of colors (range of wavelengths) without any spectral lines
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Emission line spectrum
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Law #2 – The excited atoms within a hot, cloud of gas give off only particular colors (wavelengths) of light and produce an emission line spectrum - a series of bright spectral lines against a dark background.
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Absorption line spectrum
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Law #3 – When the light from a hot dense object passes through a cool cloud of gas, the atoms within the cloud can absorb particular colors (wavelengths) of light and produce a absorption line spectrum - a series of dark spectral lines among the colors of the rainbow.
Stars give off this **** |
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Stefan Boltzmann's
Wein's law |
hms
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The Inverse Square Law
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Recall how the force of gravity works
Fgrav = Gm1 x m2 /r2 Apparent brightness also decreases as 1/ r2 so as distance doubles: brightness is decreased by 1/4 distance halves: brightness increases by 4 times |
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What is the name given to 2H
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deuterium
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When an atom losses an atom, it becomes
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ionized
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What is an atom reffered to when it looses an electron?
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ionized
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How does the sun shine?
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The sun shines because gravitational equilibrium keeps its core hot and dense enough to release energy through nuclear fusion.
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The spectral classes
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Oh be a fine girl kiss me
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Absolute magnitude
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Absolute magnitude is a star’s intrinsic brightness (luminosity).
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Apparent magnitude
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Apparent magnitude is how a star’s brightness appears to our eyes here on Earth.
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Relationship between apparent magnitude and absolute
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Absolute Magnitude (M) is the apparent magnitude it would have if it were at a distance of 10pc (32 LYRS) from Earth. Sun’s absolute magnitude is about 4.8 which means it would have an apparent magnitude of 4.8 if it were 10 pc away from
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Who was the HR diagram idiot (400,000) stars?
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Annie Jump Cannon
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What can we learn about a star from a life track on an H-R diagram?
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a) how long ago it was born
b) when it will die c) where it is located d) what surface temperature and luminosity it will have at each stage of its life |
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Stages of life for a Low mass star
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protostar, main-sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf
if WD has a binary it can Nova (repeatedly) or supernova (leaves no remnants) |
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"we're all made of star stuff"
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Carl Sagan.
The elements in our body were manufactured in the core of stars and released in a supernova explosion enriching the ISM (interstellar medium) |
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High mass starts life line
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Cloud Big main sequence super red giant
Type II Supernova (blackhole if huge, neutron star is just big) |
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HR diagram axies
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Y small = bright
Y larger= dim X small = hot X large = cool Top, right = big radius |
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Enzo star gives off the same amount of energy as Ferdinand star.
But Enzo star is much hotter than Ferdinand star. Which star has the greater surface area? |
Ferninand
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When does a protostar become a true star?
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When nuclear fusion begins in the core
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When does a star become a main-sequence star?
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When the rate of hydrogen fusion within the star’s core is high enough to maintain gravitational equilibrium
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What happens in a helium flash?
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The core quickly heats up and expands
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Stars condense from clouds of gas and dust. The gas is hydrogen, while the dust is made up of mainly _________ and _____________.
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Carbon and silicone
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Layers of the sun from center outward
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core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, carona
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From highest to lowest energy, list the categories of EM radiation
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Gamma rays, x Rays, UV, visible light, infared, radio
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Short answer: what kind of spectrum is going down in a neon "open sign"
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Emission because the changing from one energy state to a different are transitions from high to low and the photon gives off red light
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If you analyze the light from a low density object (such as a cloud of interstellar gas), surrounding a hot solid which type of spectrum would you see?
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Dark like absorption spectrum
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When you move up in energy levels,
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there is an abosrtions of energy and more collisions occur; student 2
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If the distance between us and a star is tripled, everything else held constant, the luminosity
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remains the same but the aparent brightness is decreased by a factor of 9
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What are the letters after OBAFGKM?
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LT
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What is a planetary nebula?
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The expanding shell of gas that is no longer gravitationally held to the remnants of a low mass star
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Age of universe
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13 Billion
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age of our solar system
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4.6 billion
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Age of earth
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4.5 Billion
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Center of the sun fusion converts _________ into __________ and converts mass into ____________
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Hydrogen, helium, energy
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__________ is the only planet other than earth that initially formed at the outermost location where the temperature was high enough for water to be a liquid
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mars
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sun shines though a ___________________ exchange
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proton/proton
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A spread out stellar cloud has __________ gravitational potential energy than a condensed solar system
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greater
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Planetary nebula
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expanding shell of gas that is no longer held gravitationally helf to the remnants of a low mass star
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how much mass of the solar system is held in our sun?
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99.85%
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What protexts us agains solar flars and winds?
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Earth's magnetic field
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How far is a light year?
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10 trillion KM
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How big is the milky way
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100,000 light years in diameter
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What is the ecliptic?
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a plane that contains the orbit of all the planets
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A blackbody?
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onject that absorbs all the radiation upon it
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Pythagoras
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formed foundation for greek astronomy
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Aristotle
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Earth wind fire water
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Copernicus
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Heliocentril model
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Galileo
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First to use telescope, motion of falling objects
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Kepler
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p^2 = A^2, developed own set of laws for planetarymotion in the solar system
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Ptolemy
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geocentric model
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Eratosthenes
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Calculated the circumference of the Earth
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Hubble
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determine the relationship between how far a distant galaxy is to the speed it is moving away
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The set of constellations visible in the night sky changes from month to month dye to
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the orbit of the Earth around the sun
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A constellation visible from one pont on Earth might looks like what in a different country
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maybe completely different
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Stars located near the north pole are
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circumpolar
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Galelio's observations of the phases of venus proved that
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all planets move directly around the sun
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Kepler's first law
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the planets orbit the sun with elliptical orbits. The sun is at a focus of the ellipse
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Kelper's second law
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as a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times, meaning a planet travels faster when it is nearer to the sun and slower when it is farther away
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Kepler's 3rd law
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the squares of the time periods of the orbits of the planets are directy proportional to the cubes of their radii
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A consequence of Kepler's 3rd law
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planets travel slower the further tthey are away from the sun
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A major obstacle in the verifcation of Kep's 3rd law was
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gravity had not yet been discovered
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EM waves are
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self propigating waves made up of both an electric and mangnetic field working together. They are a form of radiant energy created when electric charges accelerate
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Absorption spectrum would be mainly used to
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analyze elements present in stars
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A cool, low density (thin) gas is located in from of a hot solid,
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absoprtion
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Fusion is the
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combining of atoms
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The most massive element produces by the fusion reaction in stars is
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iron
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When the core of a star srinks after hydrogen fusion dtops
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the core heats and the star expands
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Spectral type,surface temp and color all describe
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the same basic characterstic of a star
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Mass is the one property of a star that will
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determine the rest of the characteristics of that star's life
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Will our sun become a nova?
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no, it has not binary companion
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Black holes are fromed
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from the supernovae of the most massive stars
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When a star exhaustes its core hydrogen supply
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its core contracts but its outer layers expand and the star becomes biigger and brighter
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the core of a star after a planetary nebula becomes a
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white dwarf
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stars spend ____ of their lives in the main sequence
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90%
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a white dawrf star is the
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bright core that is left behind from a red giant fter its planetary nebula separates from the core
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the remnant of a very high mass star is
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a black muddafukin hole
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How far is our solar system from the center of the galaxy to the outskirts of the galactic dick within the milky chain galaxy?
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2/3 the way from center
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Compared with stars in the disk, orbits of stars in the halo are
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ellipitical with random orientation
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the sun is approximately _____________ from the center of the galaxy
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28000 ight years
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Breakdown of interstellar medium in milkey way
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70% carbon, 28% helium 2%other
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Parts of milky way's structure
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Bulge, the disk and the halo
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The conditions necessary for a terrestrial planet to have a strong magnetic field
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molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation
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All planets in the solar system do not
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rotate in the same direction as they orbit the sun
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______ has the most metal in it
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Mercury
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Based on the results from the WMAP satellite, the overall composition of the universe is
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4% ordinary (baryonic) matter 23% nonbaryonic dark matter, 73% Dark energy
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Observing liight from a galaxy 100million light years away is
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observing the light from the galaxy as it was 100 million years ago, redshifted
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The cosmological principal
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matter in the universe is evenly distributed without a center or edge
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Key requirement for life is
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liquid water
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Proof of big bang
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cosmic background microwave radiation is a remnent of the heat.
galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law," This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted. |
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Light from the distant viverse
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shows how old we are
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which group of particles has the greatest mass?
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four individual protons
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the center of the sun converts hydrogen into
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helium energy and neutrinos
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constellations slowly change shape over the years due to
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the motion of the earth around the sun
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if the distance between us and a star is quadrupled, the apparent brightness is decreased by
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a factor of 16
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What produces the 21-cm line that we use to map out the Milky Way Galaxy
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atomic hydrogen
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If Earth’s atmosphere was able to completely absorb visible light, which of the following would
be true? |
the earths surface temp would be cool,er
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earth is primarily heated by
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visible and infrared light
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Some people wish that we lived in a recollapsing universe that would eventually
stop expanding and start contracting. For this to be the case, which of the following would have to be true (based on current understanding)? |
Dark energy does not exist and there is much more dark matter
than we are aware of to date. |
