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110 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Gram Positive:

Disease can be due to the ingestion of preformed toxin in home-canned foods or by the ingestion of spores in honey by an infant
Clostridium botulinum

[Symptoms include flaccid paralysis, dry mouth, diplopia, dysphagia, and respiratory failure]
Gram Positive:

Associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the overgrowth of toxin-producing bacteria
Clostridium difficile

[Results in pseudomembranous colitis and is also a major nosocomial disease]
Gram Positive:

Causes gas gangrene and is often associated with automobile and motorcycle accidents
Clostridium perfringens

[Spores are abundant in soil and germinate in wounds; treatment includes surgical debridement, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen]
Gram Positive:

Infection is associated with traumatic inoculation of spores that germinate and produce a toxin that causes spastic paralysis
Clostridium tetani

[The organism looks like a long rod with a dilated terminal end containing spore that resembles a tennis racquet]
Gram Positive:

Can cause risus sardonicus, the characteristic grimace of lockjaw
Clostridium tetani

[Treatment includes the use of antitoxins produced in horses or hyperimmunized humans, and antispasmodics such as benzodiazepines]
Gram Positive:

Causes a fishy smelling vaginal discharge
Gardnerella vaginalis

[Histologically characterized by the presence of "clue cells," vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, seen on a Pap smear]
Gram Positive:

As the dominant organism of normal vaginal flora, its metabolism helps maintain the low pH of the vagina
Lactobacillus spp.

[The lactic acid produced helps prevent the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms; with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such acid-producing flora is lost, allowing for overgrowth of pathogenic species]
Gram Positive:

Part of the microbial flora of the skin, this bacilli contributes of the development of acne
Propionibacterium acnes

[The organism produces lipases that split fatty acids that cause inflammation, resulting in the formation of comedones]
Gram Negative:

Predominant organism in the human colon
Bacteroides fragilis

[Most often the cause of serious anaerobic infection]
Gram Negative:

Transmitted by the bite, scratch, or lick of an infected cat, resulting in low grade fever and a characteristic enlargement of lymph nodes for several weeks
Bartonella henselae

[This is the causative agent of Cat scratch disease; infection of an immunocompromised patient can result in Bacillary angiomatosis, cranberry-like pustules resembling Kaposi's sarcoma]
Gram Negative:

Causes a paroxysmal cough ending with an inspiratory "whoop" as air rushes over the swollen glottis
Bordetella pertussis

[The vaccine includes the purified virulence factors filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertussis toxoid, and is administered at 2, 4, 6, and 18 months along with the vaccine for Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani in the DaPT vaccine
Gram Negative:

Transmitted by contaminated livestock and unpasteurized dairy products, infection results in a fever that rises in the morning and falls at night (Undulant fever)
Brucella spp.

[This granulomatous infection invades the reticulo-endothelial cells of the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow]
Gram Negative:

This zoonotic organism can be transmitted by the bite of a deerfly or tick, or through handling or consuming rabbit products, which are the reservoir
Francisella tularensis
(rabbit fever)

[Infection can result in necrotic ulcers at the site of entry: conjunctiva (oculoglandular), mouth (typhoidal), or lungs (pneumonic tularemia) with disseminated granulomatous lesions of the lung, spleen, and liver]
Poorly Staining:

Late stages of infection may lead to a severe autoimmune arthritis, life-threatening heart block, and facial nerve palsy
Borrelia burgdorferi

[The vaccine was available for this organism to prevent development of Lyme disease, but was found to have autoimmune side effects and was withdrawn. There is a vaccine for dogs, and new vaccines are being researched using outer surface protein C (OspC) and glycolipoprotein as methods of immunization]
Poorly Staining:

Transmitted by the Ixodes tick bite that results in a characteristic bull's eye lesion (Erythema chronicum migrans)
Borrelia burgorferi

[Infection occurs mainly in the Northeast during the summer months, when the deer tick (Ixodes) is found]
Poorly Staining:

Transmitted by the human body louse, this organism causes relapsing fever
Borrelia recurrentis

[Causes a febrile disease that fades as antibodies develop and relapses as the organism undergoes antigenic variation of its variable major protein]
Poorly Staining:

Previously known as the TWAR agent, it is a common cause of sore throats and interstitial pneumonia
Chlamydia pneumoniae

[As with all Chlamydial species, it exists as either elementary bodies, the infectious form, or as intracellular reticular bodies, the metabolically active form]
Poorly Staining:

Causes an interstitial type pneumonia and is associated with exposure to contaminated parrots and parakeets and other domestic birds
Chlamydia psittaci

[The causative agent of Psittacosis, transmitted by birds of the psittacine family; a similar disease, Ornithosis, is also seen upon exposure to other birds such as pigeons, ducks, and chickens]
Poorly Staining:

This cause of chronic keratoconjunctivitis results in corneal scarring and is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide
Chlamydia trachomatis

[Chlamydia tracomatis is divided into serovars based on serology and symptomatology; in this case, the pathology is due to C. trachomatis A, B, an C]
Poorly Staining:

This organism is the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial disease, resulting in urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, and neonatal conjunctivitis
Chlamydia trachomatis

[Infection in a female can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease, resulting in the potential for ectopic pregnancy or sterility]
Poorly Staining:

This organism is closely associated with the development of conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis (Reiter's syndrome)
Chlamydia trachomatis

[This autoimmune phenomenon resulting from cross-reactive antigens between the organism and affected tissues is associated with the HLA-B27]
Poorly Staining:

Causes Lymphogranuloma venereum, characterized by nodules and vesicles on the genitals, venereal buboes, and elephantiasis of the genitals with rectal strictures
Chlamydia trachomatis

[Results from infection of the most invasive serovars L1, L2, and L3; this sexually transmitted disease progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages]
Poorly Staining:

Causes Q fever, an interstitial pneumonia, resulting from the inhalation of the organism
Coxiella burnetii

[Unlike other rickettsial diseases, this organism is not transmitted by the bite of an arthropod, does not cause a rash, and cannot be detected by the classical serologic test for Rickettsia, the Weil-Felix Test]
Poorly Staining:

This organism grows in warm, moist environments (contaminated air conditioner systems) and causes a potential life-threatening pneumonia in patients with lung disease
Legionella pneumophila

[This organism, often visualized with Dieterle silver stain, also causes a less severe form of pneumonia known as Pontiac fever]
Poorly Staining:

A prominent cause of community-acquired pneumonia, symptoms normally include a hacking, nonproductive cough (atypical pneumonia)
Mycoplasma pneumonia

[One of the smallest free-living bacteria, has no cell wall, and causes an interstitial inflammation rather than intra-alveolar exudates]
Poorly Staining:

Causes "Walking pneumonia" with the potential to develop a self-limiting hemolytic anemia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae

[Untreated patients develop IgM autoantibodies to red blood cells, termed acute cold agglutinins]
Poorly Staining:

Associated with overcrowding and transmitted by the human body louse, this organism causes Epidemic typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii

[Characterized by extreme fever, myalgias, and a rash; a less sever form of the disease, Endemic typhus, results from Rickettsia typhi]
Poorly Staining:

Transmitted by ticks, infection results in a petechial rash with involvement of the palms and soles
Rickettsia rickettsii

[The causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an obligate intracellular organism seen with Giemsa staining; despite its name, it is endemic to the eastern United States]
Poorly Staining:

Transplacental infection can result in a triad of interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson teeth, and 8th cranial nerve deafness
Treponema pallidum

[Infection results in osteochondritis and periostitis and contributing as well to other defects such as destruction of the vomer, leading to saddle nose deformity; other bone defects include mulberry molars and saber shin deformities]
Poorly Staining:

Long-term consequences of untreated disease include tabes dorsalis and aneurysms of the ascending aorta
Treponema pallidum

[Tertiary syphilis can lead to paresis and is the leading cause of aneurysms of the ascending aorta with a characteristic tree-barking appearance]
Poorly Staining:

The disease can manifest with a maculopapular rash on the palms and soles, and condyloma lata
Treponema pallidum

[Secondary syphilis presents with a rash and gray flattened wart-like lesions on the anogenital, axillary, and oral areas; these condyloma lata are not to be confused with condyloma acuminatum seen with HPV infection]
Poorly Staining:

Initial infection presents with a painless ulcer on the genitals known as a chancre
Treponema pallidum

[The characteristic lesion of primary syphilis is highly contagious and contains numerous spirochetes viewed by dark field light microscopy or by immunofluorescent microscopy]
Poorly Staining:

Patients with SLE are often positive for serologic tests for this organism even if not infected (biologic false positive)
Treponema pallidum

[Screening test like the rapid plasma reagin or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) are based on finding antibodies to cardiolipin, which patients with SLE make; the most specific test is the fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-Abs test)]
Poorly Staining:

The organism is exquisitely sensitive to penicillins; treatment can result in rash, fever, and hypotension (Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction)
Treponema pallidum

[Treatment results in rapid death of the organism with release of toxic products that cause symptoms that can be relieved by anti-inflammatory agents]
Poorly Staining:

This organism that lacks a cell wall is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections
Ureaplasma urealyticum

[Related to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infection is associated with the development of urinary calculi]
Virulence Factors:

Produces a typical AB toxin that catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD⁺ to the inhibitory G protein subunit (Gi)
Bordetella pertussis

[Interference of G protein-coupled receptors such as those employed by chemokines results in significant lymphocytosis; other virulence factors include filamentous hemagluttinin and tracheal cytotoxin]
Virulence Factors:

Produces and exotoxin that blocks the release of actylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
Clostridium botulinum

[Treatment includes the used of an antitoxin produced in horses, with the possibility of serum sickness]
Virulence Factors:

The toxin produced by this organism can be used in minute amounts to treat dystonias, strabismus, and wrinkles
Clostridium botulinum

[Toxin causes a flaccid paralysis of the injected muscles]
Virulence Factors:

Produces and AB toxin that ADP-ribosylates the small GTP binding protein Rho
Clostridium difficile

[Results in the depolymerization of the cytoskeleton with necrosis of the colonic epithelium]
Virulence Factors:

Produces a lecithinase and hyaluronidase that results in cellulitis and myonecrosis
Clostridium perfringens

[The lecithinase can be demonstrated by culturing on egg yolk agar; normally the organism produces a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar]
Virulence Factors:

The toxin elaborated by this organism inhibits the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters, GABA and glycine, resulting in a spastic paralysis
Clostridium tetani

[The DaPT vaccine includes the highly immunogenic tetanus toxoid; a booster is recommended every 10 years and also after a puncture wound]
Fungi:

Produces a toxin that results in liver damage upon ingestion of wild mushrooms
Amanita species

[Ingestion may result in life-threatening fulminant hepatitis, requiring liver transplant]
Fungi:

Produces the carcinogen aflatoxin and is a common contaminant of moldy nuts and grains
Aspergillus favus

[Aflatoxins contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and act synergistically with HBV to promote carcinogenesis]
Fungi:

Proliferation of this organism within the lung causes a "fungus ball" that must be removed surgically
Aspergillus fumigatus

[Microscopically the organism grows as septate hyphae, branching at 45º angles]
Fungi:

Although an opportunistic mycosis, it can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis such as Farmer's Lung
Aspergillus fumigatus

[Resulting from inhalation of moldy hay]
Fungi:

Systemic mycosis that begins as lower respiratory tract infection and may disseminate to cause warty-like skin lesions
Blastomyces dermatiditis

[Results in granulomatous lung lesions similar to tuberculosis; may also result in skeletal and genitourinary manifestations]
Fungi:

Systemic mycosis endemic to the southeastern United States
Blastomyces dermatitidis

[Fungi appears in infected tissue as yeast with broad-based budding]
Fungi:

Causes a cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge
Candida albicans

[Predisposing factors include immunosuppression, diabetes, obesity, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics]
Fungi:

Causes white curd-like patches on mucocutaneous membranes of the mouth and extend downward to cause esophagitis in immunocompromised patients
Candida albicans

[In addition to causing thrush, C. albicans is a common cause of tinea unguium (fungal infection of the nails) and diaper rash]
Fungi:

Most common mycotic pathogen
Candida albicans

[Although a yeast, it can form pseudohyphae in infected tissue and form characteristic germ tubes at 37ºC under laboratory conditions]
Fungi:

Systemic mycosis endemic to the San Joaquin Valley in southern California
Coccidioides immitis

[Causes "Valley Fever," characterized by arthralgias, cough, and fever]
Fungi:

Found within infected tissue as spherules that rupture to release endospores
Coccidioides immitis

[Dimorphic fungi with contraction of infection by inhalation of arthrospores in the sand and soil]
Fungi:

The only mycotic pathogen with a capsule
Cryptococcus neoformans

[Visualized with an India ink test; capsule excludes ink, providing contrast]
Fungi:

Causes meningitis in patients with underlying immunodeficiency, especially AIDS
Cryptococcus neoformans

[Associated with pigeon droppings, this fungus grows within the Virchow-Robin vascular spaces of the brain, resulting in "soap bubble lesions"]
Fungi:

Causes cutaneous infections such as tinea corporis, tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
Dermatophytes

[Typically caused by dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton spp. and result in scaly hypo- or hyperpigmented annular pruritic lesions]
Fungi:

Associated with the inhalation of spores from bird or bat droppings in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valley
Histoplasma capsulatum

[Histologically characterized by macrophages stuffed with numerous yeast cells]
Fungi:

Causes tinea versicolor, which manifests as patches of hyper- and hypopigmentation on the trunk
Malassezia furfur

[Found in skin scales and has a characteristic spaghetti and meatballs appearance (yeast clusters and short, curved septate hyphae)]
Fungi:

Most common pulmonary mycotic infection with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to tuberculosis-like symptoms
Histoplasma capsulatum

[In immunocompetent individuals, infection often resolves, with calcification of hilar lymph nodes]
Fungi:

Most common cause of tinea capitis, ringworm of the scalp
Microsporum canis

[Common in prepubescent children with pets; the natural inhibitor or Microsporum spp. growth, undecylenic acid, is produced in the sebum of postpubertal individuals]
Fungi:

Results in rhinocerebral disease, primarily in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or leukemia
Mucor and Rhizopus species

[Distinct from other human fungal pathogens in that these species cause disease in their sexual life cycle and display nonseptate hyphae branching at a 90º angle or wider]
Fungi:

This organism grows as multiple budding yeasts that appear as a "captains wheel" and causes disease almost exclusively in men
Paracoccidioides braziliense (brasiliensis)

[This granulomatous lung disease occurs primarily in Central and South America, with >90% of cases seen in males]
Fungi:

Causes an alveolar pneumonia, typically in AIDS patients
Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii

[Previously thought to be a protozoa, this fungus causes a foamy, amorphous alveolar exudate and is seen as cup- or boat-shaped cysts upon staining with silver methenamine]
Fungi:

Causes the most common subcutaneous mycosis, Rose handler's disease
Sporothrix schenckii

[Transmitted by the prick of a contaminated thorn; treated with a dilute solution of potassium iodide (KI) in milk]
Protozoa:

Transmitted by the same tick as that which carries Lyme disease, infection results in similar manifestation as malaria
Babesia microti

[Often mistaken for P. falciparum, the organism can be detected in RBCs as a "Maltese cross," which is diagnostic]
Protozoa:

Causes a self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals or life-threatening intractable diarrhea in AIDS patients
Cryptosporidium parvum

[Infection is associated with the consumption of water contaminated with infected animal feces]
Protozoa:

Dissemination to the liver can result in abscess formation with a characteristic anchovy paste aspirate
Entamoeba histolytica

[The organism can form an amoeboma with the potential for penetration of the serosa and peritonitis]
Protozoa:

Common cause of amebic dysentery, infection leads to the formation of flask-shaped ulcers in the colonic mucosa
Entamoeba histolytica

[The finding of trophozoites with ingested RBCs is pathognomonic]
Protozoa:

The only common pathogenic protozoa of the small intestine
Giardia lamblia

[A heart-shaped symmetrical trophozoite with two nuclei, four pairs of flagella, and a large sucking disk for adherence to the mucosal surface]
Protozoa:

Causes flatulence and diarrhea with steatorrhea and the production of bulky greasy foul-smelling stool
Giardia lamblia

[Infection is more common among day-care children, campers consuming contaminated stream water, and homosexuals engaging in oral-anal contact]
Protozoa:

Infection with different species results in dermal, mucocutaneous, and visceral forms of the disease
Leishmania spp.

[Dermal leishmaniasis is due to L. tropica, the mucocutaneous form is due to L. braziliensis, and the most severe form, visceral leishmaniasis, is due to L. donovani and can result in skin hyperpigmentation of kala-azar]
Protozoa:

Transmitted by the sandfly, the amastigote stage survives and multiplies within macrophages
Leishmania spp.

[The only protozoan parasite capable of replication within the phagolysosomes of reticuloendothelial cells]
Protozoa:

Free-living flagellated amoeba, acquired by swimming in freshwater ponds, causing a fulminant meningoencephalitis with death within a week
Naegleria fowleri

[Another free-living amoebum, Acanthamoeba castellani, causes less severe disease, typically limited to corneal ulceration and keratitis]
Protozoa:

Blackwater fever
Plasmodium falciparum

[Seen in P. falciparum malaria, in which infected cells are abnormally adherent and cause thrombosis and ischemia with hemolysis, resulting in hemoglobinuria]
Protozoa:

Transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, with infection of RBCs and hepatocytes
Plasmodium spp.

[An obligate intracellular parasite, Plasmodium is typically seen as ring- or crescent-shaped forms within RBCs on a Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear]
Protozoa:

Some resistance to infection is provided to patients with sickle cell disease/trait, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and thalassemia
Plasmodium spp.

[Symptoms of malaria include cyclic fevers (every 48 hr = P. falciparum, every 72 hr = P. malariea), headache, anemia]
Protozoa:

Exposure of nonimmune mothers results in fetal transmission with the potential for stillbirth and intracerebral calcifications
Toxoplasma gondii

[Infection may be acquired from cysts in raw or undercooked meat or aerosolization of infected cat feces from litter boxes]
Protozoa:

Usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, infection in an AIDS patient can result in fulminant, life-threatening encephalitis
Toxoplasma gondii

[Visualized radiographically as a ring-enhancing mass on CT scan; other ring-enhancing masses include cerebral abscess and Glioblastoma multiforme]
Protozoa:

A common cause of vaginitis, it often presents with vulvo-vaginal pruritis, with a profuse frothy discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis

[Causes strawberry mucosa, spotty reddening and edema of the affected mucosa]
Protozoa:

Identified as pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites with undulating movements on a wet-mount slide of vaginal or urethral discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis

[Typically a sexually transmitted disease, growth is associated with an abnormally alkaline pH of the vagina]
Protozoa:

Transmitted by the tsetse fly, this protozoa causes African sleeping sickness, characterized by cyclic fevers, encephalitis, slurred speech, and somnolence
Trypanosoma brucei

[The organism evades the immune system by genetic rearrangement of its variable surface glycoprotein (VSG)]
Protozoa:

Can destroy the myenteric plexus, resulting in mega-esophagus and megacolon
Trypanosoma cruzi

[Transmitted by the droppings of the reduviid bug ("kissing bug"), often with the initial development of unilateral swelling of the eyelids (Romana's sign)]
Protozoa:

A major cause of heart disease in Central and South America
Trypanosoma cruzi

[Acute forms of Chagas disease lead to direct invasion of the myocardium with inflammation; the chronic forms of disease involve autoimmune destruction with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy with life-threatening arrhythmias]
Helminths:

Chronic infection with this hookworm constitutes an important cause of anemia worldwide
Ancylostoma duodenale ("hookworm")

[Leads to iron deficiency anemia because each worm consumes as much as 0.25 ml blood/day]
Helminths:

Migration of larval nematodes below the skin results in serpiginous urticarial trails on the skin (Creeping eruptions)
Ancylostoma braziliense and other animal hookworms

[Infection is acquired by contact with sand-containing feces of dogs and cats]
Helminths:

Most common helminth infection in humans worldwide
Ascaris lumbricoides

[As much as ¼ of the world population is infected; infection causes GI obstruction, granulomas of the biliary tree, liver abscesses, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis]
Helminths:

Infection is associated with damage to the biliary tract and development of cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis

[Associated with the consumption of infected freshwater fish]
Helminths:

Infection can be associated with megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum

[This enormous fish tapeworm absorbs dietary vitamin B₁₂, resulting in B₁₂ deficiency in the host]
Helminths:

Removal of this nematode is traditionally accomplished by slowly twisting it around a stick to remove it from beneath the skin
Dracunculus medinensis

[Infection is acquired by consuming water contaminated by the intermediate host, the cyclops, a microscopic crustacean]
Helminths:

Larvae form large space-occupying hydatid cysts in the liver and lung, and leakage of fluid can result in anaphylaxis
Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)

[Because herbivores such as sheep are usually an intermediate host for the dog tapeworm, infection commonly presents in the context of a sheep farmer with many sheepdogs]
Helminths:

Causes perianal pruritis, http://www.flashcardexchange.com/mycards/add/1342617with diagnosis confirmed by the recovery of eggs from the anus with scotch tape
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

[Most common helminth infection in the United States and often associated with day-care institutions]
Helminths:

Infection results in subcutaneous "caliber/calabar" swellings and can be seen migrating across the eye beneath the conjunctiva
Loa loa filariasis

[Infection is transmitted by the bite of a mango fly, Chrysops]
Helminths:

Endemic to Africa, especially along river basins, infection can result in River blindness
Oncocerca volvulus

[Transmitted by the blackfly, this nematode also causes loss of elasticity of the skin with significant dependent edema (i.e. hanging groin)]
Helminths:

Infection of the bladder is associated with the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
Schistosoma hematobium

[Endemic to Egypt and Sudan and associated with wading through moist soil while barefoot; diagnosis is confirmed by finding spherical eggs with a terminal spine in the urine]
Helminths:

The smallest of all intestinal nematodes, high worm burden is possibly the result of autoinfection
Strongyloides stercoralis

[It is the only intestinal nematode capable of completing its life cycle within the human host]
Helminths:

One of the most common cestode infections in the United States, and associated with the consumption of improperly cooked contaminated beef
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

[Usually results in vague abdominal pain, although the tapeworm can grow to several meters in length]
Helminths:

Infection with the larval form of this tapeworm from feces-contaminated water can lead to cysticercosis
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

[Results in the growth of the larvae in brain, resulting in a Swiss cheese appearance of the cerebral hemispheres]
Helminths:

Accidental transmission of these nematodes from pet feces (in sandboxes or on sandy beaches) results in Visceral larva migrans
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati

[Symptoms include eosinophilia, pneumonitis, and vision loss]
Helminths:

Infection is acquired by consuming cysts in undercooked, contaminated pork
Trichinella spiralis

[Infection results in flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, myalgias, and periorbital edema]
Helminths:

Rectal prolapse is a potential complication in children resulting from straining during defecation with infection of this nematode
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

[Diagnosis is based on finding bile-stained, barrel-shaped eggs with polar plugs]
Helminths:

Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
Wucheria bancrofti

[Organism causes obstruction of lymph vessels resulting in edema with swelling of the legs and genitalia]
Disease:

Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients:

✦ Bacterial?

✦ Fungal?

✦ Protozoal?

✦ Viral?
✦ Bacterial: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

✦ Fungal: Pneumocystis carinii

✦ Protozoal: Toxoplasma gondii & Cryptosporidium parvum

✦ Viral: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) & Kaposi sarcoma virus
Disease:

Major sexually transmitted diseases in the United States:

✦ Bacterial?

✦ Protozoal?

✦ Viral?
✦ Bacterial: Chlamydia trachomatis & Neisseria gonorrhoeae

✦ Protozoal: Trichomonas vaginalis

✦ Viral: Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) & Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Disease:

Major causes of meningitis:

✦ Newborns?

✦ Children?

✦ Young adults?

✦ Elderly (>60 years)?

✦ AIDS patients?
✦ Newborns: Streptococcus agalactiae & Escherichia coli

✦ Children: Haemophilus influenzae

✦ Young adults: Neisseria meningitidis

✦ Elderly: Streptococcus pneumonia

✦ AIDS patients: Cryptococcus neoformans
Disease:

Major cause of pneumonia:

✦ Neonates?

✦ Children (6 weeks-18 years)?

✦ Adults?

✦ Elderly (60 years)?

✦ Alcoholics & IV drug users?

✦ Post-viral?

✦ Cystic fibrosis patients?
✦ Neonates: Streptococcus agalactiae & Escherichia coli

✦ Children: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) & Streptococcus pneumoniae (<4 years)

✦ Adults: Mycoplasma pneumonia

✦ Elderly: Streptococcus pneumoniae

✦ Alcoholics & IV drug users: Klebsiella pneumonia

✦ Post-viral: Haemophilus influenza

✦ Cystic fibrosis patients: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Disease:

Common nosocomial infections associated with:

✦ Newborns?

✦ Urinary catheterizations?

✦ Renal dialysis units?

✦ Respiratory therapy equipment?

✦ Water aerosols?
✦ Newborns: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) & Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

✦ Urinary catheterizations: Escherichia coli & Proteus spp.

✦ Renal dialysis units: Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

✦ Respiratory therapy equipment: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

✦ Water aerosols: Legionella pneumophila
Disease:

Organisms causing a watery diarrhea
Cryptosporidium parvum
Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae
Giardia lamblia
Norwalk Agent
Rotavirus
Disease:

Organisms causing a bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
Campylobacter jejuni
Escherichia coli (enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic)
Salmonella spp.
Shigella dysenteriae
Entamoeba histolytica
Disease:

Major causes of food poisoning
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Disease:

Major cause of transplacental neonatal infections
Toxoplasma gondii
Treponema pallidum
Rubella virus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

[Collectively known as the TORCH group, many of these infections can lead to congenital defects if acquired in utero]
Disease:

Major causes of transcervical neonatal infections (acquired by vaginal delivery)
Candida albicans
Escherichia coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae