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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does the majority of hematopoeisis take place sequentially?
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yolk sac
liver/spleen all bones central skeleton bones |
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what stem cell factor is required for hematopoeisis?
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c-kit ligand
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what is the importance of IL-6?
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important for plasma cell production
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what is the importance of c-kit ligand?
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it is required for hematopoeisis (for prolif, migration, and adhesion of SCs)
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what is the importance of FLT-3 ligand?
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it is a tyrosine kinase ligand, promotes growth of early SCs
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what is the importance of IL-3
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it stimulates proliferation of common myeloid progenitors (like GM-CSF)
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what is the importance of GM-CSF?
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stimulates proliferation of common myeloid progenitors (like IL-3)
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where is EPO produced and what is it produced in response to?
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EPO is produced by kidney peritubular interstitial cells in response to hypoxia
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what is the first erythroid commited precursor?
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the BFU-e (burst forming unit-erythroid)
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what is the stage of erythroid differentiation after teh BFU-e?
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CFU-e (colony forming unit - erythroid)
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what is the first committed unit in granulopoeisis?
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the CFU-GM (colony forming unit - granulocyte/macrophage)
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what are the progenitors for platelet production?
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BFU-MEG and CFU-MEG
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what growth factors induce platelet production?
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IL-3, SCF, IL-6, IL-11
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what does TPO do and where is it produced?
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it promotes proliferation and differentiation of CFU-MEGs to megakaryocytes
synth in liver |
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what is endomitosis?
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where the cell grows and the nucleus divides without cytoplasmic division (happens in megakaryocytes)
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what is the average diameter of an RBC?
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8 microns
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what is the cause of red blood cell spherocytosis?
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loss of ankyrin
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what is the cause of red blood cell elliptocytosis?
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loss of spectrin
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what are microcytic hypochromic cellls?
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they are RBCs with lots of central pallor
indicative of iron deficiency |
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where are the hemoglobin loci?
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there are 2 alpha loci on each chrom 16
there are 1 Beta and 1 F on each chrom 11 |
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what is the difference between a hemoglobinopathy and a thalassemia?
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hemoglobinopathy is a mutation (sickle cell)
thalassemia is a deletion of an entire loci for one of the globins |
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how are RBCs initially degraded?
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either by macrophages or by spontaneous lysis
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what happens to components of hemoglobin as it is degraded?
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the Fe is stored in macrophages
the porphyrin is degraded to bilirubin which is excreted by the liver and then into the large intestine |
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what is the A blood group antigen?
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N-acetylglucosamine
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what is the B blood group antigen?
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d-galactose
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what is the terminal sugar in the O blood group?
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fucose
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what type of antibody are Rh abs?
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IgG
they are rarely present (pregnancy or blood transfusion) |
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how long do PMNs live?
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6-7 hours
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what white blood cells are involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
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basophils
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what growth factor is often given after chemotherapy?
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granulocyte-CSF
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what is histoplasmosis
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yeast ingested into neutrophils
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what is the general difference between the contents of primary and secondary granules of neutrophils?
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primary work best at neutral pH
secondary work best at acidic pH |
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what are the two major steps of hemostasis?
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primary: formation of the platelet plug
secondary: stabilization of the clot by fibrin |
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how long do platelets live?
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about a week
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what is the function of the open canalicular system of platelets?
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increase the surface area allowing for alpha and delta granules to be released easily
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what are the 5 basic steps of the platelet reaction?
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1. adhesion
2. aggregation 3. degranulation 4. clot formation and retraction 5. support of endothelium |
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what is the action of prostacyclin?
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it inhibits platelet aggregation
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what is the action of NO in relation to platelets?
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it inhibits platelet aggregation
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most of the enzymes in the coagulation cascade are what types of enzymes?
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serine proteases
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what tissue factors does thrombin act on?
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V, VIII, and XI
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how are the extrinsic adn the intrinsic clotting pathways different and where do they intersect?
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the extrinsic pathway starts at Tissue factor complexing with VII
the intrinsic pathway starts at XII activating X to XIa they intersect at IX and X activation |
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where are the clotting factors synthesized?
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in the liver
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where is vWf produced?
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endothelial cells and megakaryocytes
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what clotting factors are vitamin K depedent?
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2, 7, 9, and 10
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how does vitamin K change amino acids?
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it adds a gamma carboxyl to glutamates
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the partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is a measure of which clotting pathway?
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the intrinsic pathway
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Prothrombin Time (PT) is a measure of which clotting pathway?
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the extrinsic pathway
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how does heparin work?
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it increases the affinity of antithrombin for the serine active site of thrombin (inactivating thrombin)
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what is the action of protein C and S?
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thrombin binds and activates protein C, which, when bound to protein S, degrades Va and VIIIa so stop thrombin formation
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where is plasmin produced?
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the liver
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what does plasmin do?
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it is normally bound up in the clot, and when activated by t-PA it cleaves fibrinogen OR fibrin into D-dimers
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what is tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)?
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it activates plasminogen to plasmin
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what is the function of alpha 2 antiplasmin?
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it binds plasmin away from the clot so it only works at the site of the clot
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what is the function of plasminogen activator inhibitors?
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they are secreted by endothelial cells and platelets to allow the clot to stay
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how does normal endothelium prevent platelet adherence?
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secretes prostacyclin
supports antithrombin III (and allows APC formation) |
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what do hasell's corpuscles look like?
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need to look up
??(in the thymus) |
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what is the difference between a primary lymphatic nodule and a secondary lymphatic nodule?
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primary has no germinal center
secondary HAS a germinal center |
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what are lymphoid follicles?
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all follicles are B cell areas
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what marker is on B cells throughout development?
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CD19
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what marker is on EARLY b cellls?
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CD10
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what is the function of meibomian glands?
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to secrete an oily substance to seal the lids
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what type of glands are lacrimal glands?
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acini serous glands
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what is the antibacterial component of tears?
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lysozome
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what structures make up the fibrous part of the eye?
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the sclera and the cornea
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what structures make up the uvea
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the choroid, ciliar body, and the iris
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what are the cellular components of the vitreous?
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macrophages and fibroblasts
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what is the capsule in which the eye rotates?
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tenon's capsule
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what is the area where teh sclera thins for ON to penetrate?
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the lamina cribosa
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what strucures make up the uvea?
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the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid
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what is the cause of macular degeneration?
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seperation of the RPE from the choroid leads to death of PR cells
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rhodopsin is a combination of...
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opsin protein
11-cis-RAL |
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what are the protiens that are photorecetive in cones?
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iodopsins (red, green, and blue)
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where do amacrine cells synapse?
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between RGCs
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where do horizontal cells synapse?
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between PRCs
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photoreceptor cells are supplied by which circulation?
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the choriocapillaris
the retinal circulation goes up to the outer plexiform layer |
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what is the sequence of events of photoreceptor response to light?
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11-cis to all trans RAL
activated transducin PDE activated decreased cGMP closure of Na channels HYPERpolarization |
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what is presbyopia?
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loss of accomodation
happens to everyone around 40 yrs |
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what is the word to describe unequal pupil size?
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anisocoria
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why is the retina wired "backwards" (with PRCs in outer layer)
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so the RPE can do its job without occluding light
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when is the first AP in the series of neurons in the eye?
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RGC
PRCs and BP cells are graded responses |
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what is the difference between the utricle adn teh saccule
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the utricle is at the opening of the ampulae (semicircular canals)
the saccule is between the utricle and the cochlea |
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what are the neuroepithelial areas of the utricle and saccule?
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maculae
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what are the neuroepithelial areas of the ampullae?
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crista ampullares
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how are crista ampullares different than maculae?
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crista ampullares hair cells project onto cupula (gel) that do not have otoconia (otolith)
maculae respond to linear acceleration, crista ampullares to angular acceleration |
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le patrimoine
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heritage, lpatrimony
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what is the cause and consequence of Meniere's disease?
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disorder of endolymph production, severe vertigo
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what is the main mechanism of amplification of sound waves?
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the tympanic membrane is way bigger than the oval window
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where are low and high frequencies sensed in the cochlea?
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low: at the apex where the scala tympani is wide and the basilar membrane is flimsy
high: at the base where the scala tympani is narrow and the basilar membrane is stiff |
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how do we get such fine frequency tuning? (and what protein)
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electromotility of the OUTER hair cells (prestin)
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cells are housed in teh spiral ganglion/
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cell bodies of primary afferents from the cochlea (mostly type I innervating inner hair cell)
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