Horticulture Test 1

Front 1

Herbs (botanical)

Back 1

nonwoody plant

Front 2

Herbs (culinary)

Back 2

leafy parts found in temperate climates

Front 3

Spices

Back 3

non leaf organs of plants typically from tropical climates

Front 4

Medicinal plants

Back 4

plants that are valued for their physiological, therapeutic, or psychoactive effects

Front 5

Difference between herbs and spices

Back 5

herbs are leafy and found in temperate climates, spices are not the leaves and found in tropical climates

Front 6

Five tropical spices from early Europe and Far East

Back 6

Cinnamon, black pepper, nutmeg, cloves, ginger

Front 7

Two anti-cancer drugs we discussed during random screening section

Back 7

* Madagascar Periwinkle – vincristine and vinblastine alkaloids

* Pacific Yew (Pacific Northwest) – bark has paclitaxil, interferes with microtubule cell division, Taxol

Front 8

Opium Poppy

Back 8

morphine/codeine; analgesic (pain reliever); immature fruit capsule

Front 9

Coca

Back 9

cocaine/novacaine; stimulant and anesthetic(relieved thirst, hunger, and fatigue); leaves

Front 10

Willows

Back 10

aspirin; pain reliever/reduce fever/reduce inflammation; bark and root

Front 11

Foxglove

Back 11

digitoxin/digioxin/digitalis; treatment for dropsy edema (stimulates heart beat); leaves

Front 12

Methods for searching for Medicines

Back 12

* Taxonomic targeting
* Ecological targeting
* Ethnobotanical
* Zoopharmacognasy

Front 13

Taxonomic targeting

Back 13

Finding plants that are in the same family as already known effective plants

Front 14

Ecological targeting

Back 14

Finding plants that are similar that are know tow be useful, like vines

Front 15

Ethnobotanical

Back 15

relationships between plants and people. Finding medicines from local people and how they use the plants

Front 16

Zoopharmacognasy

Back 16

learning from how animals use the plants to find possible uses

Front 17

Tropane alkaloids

Back 17

Scopolamine
Cocaine
Hyoscyamine
Scopolamine

Front 18

Coca (alkaloids)

Back 18

Cocaine

Front 19

Opium Poppy (alkaloids)

Back 19

Morphine, Codeine

Front 20

Willow (alkaloids)

Back 20

Salicin

Front 21

Mandrake (alkaloids)

Back 21

Hyoscyamine

Front 22

Ebers Papyrus

Back 22

Egyptian document that is 65ft long and contains over 700 recipes for herbal treatments

Front 23

Spice Islands

Back 23

Islands in south east Asia, including the Indonesian Islands, that a lot of old world spices came from

Front 24

Arils

Back 24

fleshy appendage that is attached to a seed to facilitate dispersal (like attracting birds)

Front 25

Panacea

Back 25

a cure all (also the Greek goddess of Healing)

Front 26

Analgesic

Back 26

pain killer

Front 27

William Withering

Back 27

wrote about foxglove and was the first to use systematic experimentation (treated dropsy or lymph edema)

Front 28

Doctrine of Signatures

Back 28

idea that clues about the use of a plant could be revealed by the shape, taste, texture, and color

Front 29

Officinale

Back 29

is used at the species names for a medicinal plant

Front 30

Queen Hatshepsut

Back 30

first botanical collecting expedition to the land of punt; returned with myrrh

Front 31

Rhizome

Back 31

underground stem

Front 32

Peyote

Back 32

cactus that looks like an above ground button and has colorful showy flowers; it is a psychoactive drug and it is used by native Americans in religious ceremonies

Front 33

Taxol

Back 33

anti-cancer drug made from Paclitaxel, which is a mitotic inhibitor.

Front 34

Hexing herbs

Back 34

herbs used by witches

Front 35

Glucosinolates

Back 35

compounds that combine with enzymes to produce isothiocyanates and creates that “hot” sensation in many foods (like wasabi)

Front 36

Malabar Coast

Back 36

the SW part of what is now India and surrounding was an essential part of the Old world spice trade and is where black pepper originates

Front 37

Henbane

Back 37

poisonous plant that was one of the hexing herbs along with mandrake and datura; causes hallucinations, restlessness, dilated pupils

Front 38

Carminative

Back 38

relieves or prevents gas (Cardamom seeds)

Front 39

Capsaicin

Back 39

compound responsible for heat and is concentrated in the placenta

Front 40

Culinary

Back 40

used for cooking

Front 41

Scoville scale

Back 41

scale of heat based on how much the item had to be diluted before the heat was undetectable

Front 42

Curry powder

Back 42

an Indian mix of spices that varies based on the recipe, but often include coriander, turmeric, cumin

Front 43

Bioassay

Back 43

measure the effects of a substance on a living organism

Front 44

Hemiparasite

Back 44

plant that is parasitic under natural conditions and is also photosynthetic to some degree and may just obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host plant (mistletoe)

Front 45

Voucher specimen

Back 45

a specimen that is kept on hand for identification (so you know what it looks like)

Front 46

Garam Masala

Back 46

Spicy Indian paste that uses ingredients like blackpeppercorns, cloves, cumin seeds, and cardamom

Front 47

Myrrh

Back 47

scented substance that comes from trees and is used as incense

Front 48

Tussie mussie

Back 48

small bunch of flowers, typically given as a gift worn around the head or bodice to mask the unpleasant smells of the time (medieval)

Front 49

Dioecious

Back 49

separate male and female plants

Front 50

Ayahuasca

Back 50

religious psychoactive plant that comes from tropical vines

Front 51

Native American Church

Back 51

believe God’s spirit is in peyote. It is infused with Christianity and is native to the Rio Grande valley

Front 52

Dropsy

Back 52

abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, and is referred to as edema in modern medicine

Front 53

Brugmansia

Back 53

Angels Trumpet long-lived, woody trees or bushes, with pendulous, not erect, flowers, that have no spines on their fruit. Datura species are herbaceous bushes with pendulous (not erect) flowers, and most have spines on their fruit. Found in South America and is highly toxic (tropane alkaloids)

Front 54

Three Herbs Egyptians used in preparation of mummies

Back 54

Cumin, anise, marjoram, cinnamon, myrrh, an frankincense

Front 55

How is frankincense harvested?

Back 55

scraping the bark and allowing the exuded resins to bleed out and harden

Front 56

Why do Arab traders rub noses with their suppliers?

Back 56

show of respect

Front 57

Following the crusades, did the flow of Old World spices increase or decrease

Back 57

Trade increased until the rise of the Turkish empire in 1400s

Front 58

Three major origins of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants

Back 58

* Europe/Mediterranean – Horse raddish, mustard, onions
* Old World Tropic – Black pepper, nutmeg, ginger, cloves, cinnamon
* New World Tropic – Vanilla, capsicum peppers, paprika

Front 59

Characteristics that made old world spices good for long distance trade

Back 59

long life (dried), chemically potent (you don’t need a lot to make it useful), light (cause its dried).

Front 60

Why have old world spices declined so much in value?

Back 60

New centers of production, large scale agriculture, synthesis of oils, improved transport

Front 61

The difference between cultural prescreen and ethnobotanical filter

Back 61

* culture prescreen – the trial and error that occurs over hundreds or thousands of years
* ethnobotanical filter – scans plants present in and gets the ones that are used pharmacologically and submits them for drug development screening

Front 62

Which old world spice is coppiced to produce numerous long straight shoots?

Back 62

cinnamon

Front 63

Which old world spice produces two spices from the same fruit?

Back 63

Nutmeg (Seed) and Mace (Aril)

Front 64

Which old world spice is an important ingredient in cigarettes?

Back 64

Cloves (they pop when you smoke ‘em… kretek! Bit**!)

Front 65

What is the difference between true cinnamon and cassia?

Back 65

Cinnamon –uses only inner bark and is powdery ; Cassia- crude and uses entire bark

Front 66

What member of the ginger family is responsible for the yellow color or curry?

Back 66

Tumeric

Front 67

What girl brings Angelo infinite happiness?

Back 67

Marjorie

Front 68

What part of cardamom is used in spice?

Back 68

seeds

Front 69

Characteristics of the Ginger Family

Back 69

* perennials (don’t die at end of growing season), aromatic, thich rhizomes, alternate leaves, in SE Asia,
* cardamom, turmeric, curcumin

Front 70

Characteristics of the Mint Family

Back 70

* Square stems, strong scents, opposite leaves,
* bilateral symmetry, circles are ovaries that contain 4 nutlets
* fat soluble but not H2O soluble, volatile (evap at low temp), essential oils stored in special cells, aromatic
* Spearmint/peppermint, rosemary, basil, oregano/marjoram, sage, thyme

Front 71

Characteristics of the Parsley Family

Back 71

* (vegetative) compound leaf (many leaflets), flowers come from one part of the stem (umble –inverted umbrella), aromatic
* (reproductive) radial symmetry, flower has 2 ovules and splits down center
* Dill, coriander, cilantro, parsley, cumin, chervils

Front 72

Characteristics of the Mustard Family

Back 72

* Four petals (like a cross- cruciferae), Fruits open on 2 sides; silique, contains a sulfur compound
* Horse radish, wasabi, mustard

Front 73

Parsley family members that are used for both leaves and seeds

Back 73

Dill (seeds and leaves)
and cilantro (leaves) coriander (seeds)

Front 74

5 commonly used herbs in the Mint family

Back 74

spearmint/peppermint, rosemary, basil, oregano, sage

Front 75

Aztecs used ( ) to flavor chocolate

Back 75

Vanilla

Front 76

A spice the combines the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg in one fruit is

Back 76

Allspice

Front 77

The compound in chili peppers that creates the burning sensation is

Back 77

capsicum

Front 78

Of the three New World Spices, the one that made the greatest contribution to the regional cuisines in Europe and Asia is

Back 78

nutmeg

Front 79

Peyote is the source of the hallucinogenic drug

Back 79

mescaline

Front 80

What is the average cost of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to market, from initial discovery to obtaining FDA approval?

Back 80

800millon to 1.7billion

Front 81

How long does a patent last?

Back 81

20 years

Front 82

Why should you avoid henbane in salads?

Back 82

It’s a poisonous hallucinogen

Front 83

Horseradish is obtained from what part of the horseradish plant?

Back 83

Root

Front 84

What family of plants does wasabi belong to?

Back 84

Mustard

Front 85

What plant in the parsley family has licorice scented seeds?

Back 85

Chervil

Front 86

What culinary herb is an important ingredient in pesto?

Back 86

Basil

Front 87

How have concerns over intellectual and genetic property rights affected bioprospecting?

Back 87

each signatory nation has sovereignty over all biodiversity within its boundaries (genetic) and communities should be compensated for the knowledge acquired through generations of cultural pre-screening (intellectual)

Front 88

bioprospecting

Back 88

search for new pharmaceutical or industrial chemicals from plants and animals

Front 89

biopiracy

Back 89

bioprospecting activities that do not adequately address issues of intellectual and genetic property rights

Front 90

prior informed consent

Back 90

local communities, in addition to national, must also give consent for research activities

Front 91

Three ways in which plants package secondary compounds

Back 91

* Externally (like mints and the hairs that contains oils in balloon like things)
* Internally (like in bay leaves)
* Seperately (like in onions or mustard seeds) glycocinalates + enzymes = isothiocyanates

Front 92

Compounds responsible for heat in mustard seeds and chili peppers?

Back 92

glycocinalates + enzymes = isothiocyanates and capsaicin

Front 93

Why do mustard seeds have to be crushed to get the heat?

Back 93

The compounds that create the heat are combined in seed and have to be crush to be mixed

Front 94

Different reactions of birds vs mammals to hotness of capsicum peppers?

Back 94

Most mammals don’t like capsaicin (the compound that makes peppers hot). Birds are attracted by the color and disperse the pepper seeds.

Front 95

Mistletoe is being tested by the NCCAM as a potential treatment for what disease?

Back 95

Cancer (chemotherapy)

Front 96

What does NCCAM stand for?

Back 96

Nation Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Front 97

What religious sect considered mistletoe sacred because it grew on trees?

Back 97

Druids

Front 98

How do alkaloid names usually end?

Back 98

–ine

Front 99

What plant secondary compound consists of sugar bonded to non sugar compound ?

Back 99

glycosides

Front 100

Difference between naturally occurring salicin and aspirin?

Back 100

Aspirin has an acetyl acid attached to it which removes some of the negative side effects (stomach pain and nausea)

Front 101

How does taxol interfere with growth of cancer cells?

Back 101

Interferes with microtubules during cell division

Front 102

Medicinal plant whose root resembles a human body?

Back 102

Mandrake

Front 103

Hallucinogenic compound responsible for nutmeg psychosis?

Back 103

Myristicum

Front 104

A spice from the orchid family

Back 104

Vanilla

Front 105

Hallucinogenic plant in the Cactus family

Back 105

Peyote

Front 106

Characteristic of Lambs ear that make it an herbal bandaid

Back 106

soft furry texture

Front 107

What is an example of culinary herbs that sometimes spread to aggressively in gardens?

Back 107

Catmint, spearmint, and peppermint