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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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taxonomist
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person who studies the classification and naming of plants, and has already studies similar plants and defined their limits of variation as well as the scope and usage of their names
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Horticulture is a discipline of ___
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agriculture
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agriculture
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the science and technology of growing and raising plants and animals
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3 areas of agriculture dealing with plants
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forestry, agronomy, horticulture
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forestry
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science and technology of culturing, utilizing and improving forest trees and their products (ex pulp, resin, oils, gum)
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agronomy
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science and technology of culturing utilizing and improving field crops
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horticulture
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science, technology and ART of culturing, utilizing, and improving fruit, vegetable, flowering and ornamental plants
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what is garden of corn and example of vs an acre of corn
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horticulture vs agronomy
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2 main goals of horticulture
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1) provide food
2) impact environment |
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4 division of Hort. Industry
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1) fruit/nut culture (pomology)
2) vegetable culture (olericulture) 3) ornamental horticulture (floriculture/arboniculture) 4) landscape architecture (turf) |
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3 classical guidelines for placement of a crop in hort, agronomy or forestry
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1) intensity of production
2)purpose of crop 3) tradition/custom |
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important crop families of hort interest
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angiosperms and gymnosperms
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angiosperms
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flowering plants with seed inside fruits (monocots and dicots)
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gymnosperms
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plants that have naked (no fruit) seeds
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monocot
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1 cotyledon
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dicot
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flowering plant with at least 2 cotyledons usualy appear at germination
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cotyledon
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primary/rudimentary leaf of the embryo
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5 families of monocots
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grass, lily, orchi, amaryllis, palm
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grass family
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includes cereals(wheat, oat, corn barley, sorghum), includes important ornamental grasses such as bluegrass, largest family of flowering plants in terms of numbers
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5 most important commercial grasses
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wheat, oat, sorghum, corn, barley
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lily family
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mostly ornamental, medicinal
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orchid family
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used in cut flower industry and spices such as vanilla
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amaryllis family
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used food/ornamental, onion, garlic, chives, narcissus, amaryllis
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palm family
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tropical and subtropical in adaptation, used in landscape and indoor potted plants, food cocunut and palm oil, woodlike but not wood its actually sheaths of leaves
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5 dicot families *known as broad leaf as well
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mustard, legume, sunflower, mint and nightshade
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mustard family
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pungent herbs, popular garden crops such as cabbage, broccoli, radish and turnip
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legume family
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food high in proteins, pea, lima beans, garbanzo bean, mung bean
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what family is important for humans
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legume!
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sunflower family
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#2 family production (grasses #1), used food or ornamental lettuce, endive, artichoke, sunflower, dandelion
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mint family
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aromatic oils, medicinal/culinary and ornamental landscape, herbs rosemary, thyme, sage, basil
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nightshade family
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produce poisonous alkaloids such as tobacco, food/medicinal, potato, tomato, tobacco, pepper
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gymnosperms...how many divisions?
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4
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gymnosperms name divisions
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cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferophyta, gnetophyta
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cycadophyta
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cycads
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ginkgophyta
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gingko
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coniferophyta
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conifers, most widespread, pines firs, spruces, hemlocks
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gnetophyta
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gnetophyte
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taxonomy
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science identyfying naming and grouping plants into a formal system
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systematics
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biofield study of diversity, among organisms to establish their evolutionary relationships
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is taxonomy a discipline of systematics?
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yes
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binomial system of nomenclature was invented by ? and when?
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carolus linnaeus in 1750s
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binomail nomenclature naming first ____ the _____
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genus and species
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variety
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naturally occuring variant of the species thats significantly diff from general species originally described
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cultivar
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species with mutations caused by human intervention designated with single quotations around the cultivar name and it isnt italicized
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Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis what does end mean?
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variety
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clones
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plants derived asexually from cultivar taken from 1 plant to create another genetically identical plant
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line
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sexually reproduced cultivar
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inbred
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self pollinated
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hybrid
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cross of 2 in bred lines
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list taxanomic groups
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domain, kingdom, division(phyllu), class, order, family, genus, species
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how many domains?
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3
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domain bacteria (eubacteria)
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one celled organisms, "bacteria", no nucleur membrane or organelles, absorptive-heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, or chemoautotrophic prokaryotes
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domain archae (archaebacteria)
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"bacteria", thermophilic, halophilic, sulfur oxidizers taht are mutualists wiht animals near submarine hot water vents and aerobic decomposers that make methane from organic wastes
prokaryotic more similiar to eukarya than to bacteria |
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thermophilic
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hotwater loving
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halophilic
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brine loving
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domain eukarya
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unicellular protozoans, ciliates, amoebas, flagelattes, most kind of algae, plants fungi animals
nuclei surrounded by membrane, contain organized chromosomes that arrange on a mitotic spindle at mitosis and undergo meiosis for sexual reproduction, have membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts and are photoautotroph only for the chloroplasts |
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2 main divisions in plant kingdom
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bryophytes (nonvascular) and vascular plants
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bryophytes
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nonvascular, liverworts, mosses, hornworts...need moist environment
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vascular plants 3 variations
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seedless(spore bearing)
seeded (cone bearing) seeded (seed in fruits) |
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In addition to scientifical classification we use ___. ___. ___ to classify
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seasonal growth cycle
kinds of stems stem growth forms |
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seasonal growth cycles what are the three?
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annuals, biennials, perennials
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annuals
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lives only through one growing season
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biennials
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life cycle 2 growing seasons
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perennials
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persist year round thorugh adverse weather of nongrwoing season and then flower and fruit after a few years of vegetative growth
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2 types of perennials
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herbaceous and woody
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aggregate fruits
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derived from a single flower with several to many pistils (ovule and pericarp) the individual pistils developed into a cluster of tiny fruitlets or drupes but remain on a single receptacle...raspberries
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multiple fruits
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cluster of individual flowers are arranged in a single inflorescence that stays together. each flower retains its own receptacle but the fruits develop together into a larger single fruit (pineapple)
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other operational classification schemes (5)
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vegetables vs. fruits
edible parts woody vs. herbaceous hardiness flower characteristics |
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hardiness
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adaptation to local climate, cool season or warm season
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flower characteristics
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specific flowers are characteristic of certain families, grasses are characterized by a flower with a spike inflorescnece
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monocarps
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repeated lone vegetative cycles that go on for years with reproductive phase (bromeliadS) once flowering occurs the plant dies
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3 kinds of stems
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herbs, shrubs, trees
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herbs
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plants with soft nonwoody stems including many pottend plants many vegetables and bedding plants, primary vegetative parts
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shrubs
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no main trunk, branches arise from ground level on shrub, woody secondary structure
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trees
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large plants, 1 main trunk, branch on upper part of plant, are woody and have secondary tissue
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common stem growth forms (4)
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erect
decumbent creeping/repent climbing |
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erect
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stands upright w/o artificial support
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decumbent
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stems are extremely inclined with tips raised
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creeping/repent
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plant crawls on ground producing adventitious roots at specific points on the stem (strawberry)
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climbing
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vines, that without additional support would creep on the ground
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3 classifications of fruit
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simple, aggregate, multiple
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pistil
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style and stigma and ovary
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simple
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develop from a single carpel or sometimes from the fusing together of several carpels a very diverse group of fruits, when mature and ripe the fruit may be soft and fleshy, dry and woody or have papery structure
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Fleshy (3 types)
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drupe, berry, pome
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drupe
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hard stony inner layer attached to the seed usually only 1 seed, peach and cherry
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berry
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fleshy inner pulp containing few to several seeds but not pits(tomato, grape, pomegranate)
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pome
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specialized pitted fruit with a stony interior from one subfamily of the family roszacea (apple and pear)
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hesperidium
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berry with a leathery outer layer such as an orange or lemon
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pepo
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berry with a thick rind, watermelon and pumpkin
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dry fruits there are three
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legume, nut and grain
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legume
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dehiscents, splits open when ripe to release seed such as a pea
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dry defintion
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not juicy or succelent when mature or ripe
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nut
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indehiscent, doesn't split such as pecan
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grain
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indehiscent, and seed fused to pericarp
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definition of plant anatomy
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the study of the structure of cells, tissues, tissue systems
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are most plants of horticultural interest vascular plants?
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yes
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list three primary vegetative organs
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stems, leaves, roots and conducting tissues(xylem and phloem)
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plasma membrane (plasmalemma)
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-serves ad the interface between the machinery in the interior of the cell and the extracellular fluid that bathes all cells
-made up primarily of phospholipis that have a hydrocarbon tail and a polar head with proteins associated with the membrane -is selectively permeable and able to regulate what goes into and out of the cell |
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cell wall *what is it made of
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composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, protein and pectic substances
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primary cell wall
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first to form and found in actively growing and dividing cells and composed of cellulose and pectic substances
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secondary cell wall
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formed inside of the primary cell wall when growth ceases, composed of cellulose and lignin (ligninification) making the wall rigid
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lignin
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makes plants rigid
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plasmodesmata
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pores in the primary cell wall through which the plasmalemma and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are continous
enable direct, regulated, symplastic (through the cytoplasm) intercellualr transport of substances between cells |
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nucleus
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surrounded by a pair of membranes that is continuous with the ER and contains pores for transport of proteins and ribosomes into and out of nucleus respectively
-primary repositoyr of the genetic info of the cell |
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3 places where dna is in plant cells
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nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts
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chromosomes
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consist of a single molecule of DNA complexed with an equal mass of proteins, collectively the DNA of the nucleus is associated with proteins is called chromatin
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nucleolus
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site of synthesis of ribosomal DNA
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mitochondria
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organelles that provide teh energy (ATP) required for plant processes through respiration
surrounded by double membrane and has own DNA |
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Vacuole
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contain cell sap surrounded by the tonoplast, very large consuming 50% of cell, can store water soluble pigments called anthocyanins and plant wastes, has some digestive functions and plays a structural role by controlling turgor pressure
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tonoplast
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membrane around vacuole
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anthocyanins
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water soluble pigments in vacuole
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plastids name 6 types
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chloroplasts
leucoplasts amyloplast elaioplast proteinoplast chromoplast |
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chloroplasts
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surrounded by a double membrane and contains a third membrane system (thylakoids), contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis, have their own DNA and synthesize some of their own proteins, occur in plants and some protista
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thylakoids
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3rd membrane system in chloroplasts
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leucoplasts
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found in roots and other non-photosynthetic tissues, may become specialized storage structures
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amyloplast
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specialized storage structure for starch
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elaioplast
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specialized storage structure for lipids
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proteinoplast
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specialized storage structure for proteins
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chromoplasts
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plastids that synthesize and store large amounts of carotenoids and are found in floral petals and fruits, chloroplasts convert to chromoplasts during fruit ripening
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Types of Plant cells.....3
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parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
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parenchyma
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characterized by thin walls, responsible for a wide range of biochemical processes including regulation of gas exchange, epicermal cells, photosyntehsis etc and are alive at maturity, occur extensively in herbaceous plants, goun din leaves and soft stems, found in meristems, in fleshy fruit parts, roots, tubers, leaves are made up of these cells
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meristems
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growing regions of the plant
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collenchyma
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have a thick primary cell wall that is used for plant structure, confined to regions of the plant where active growth occurs such as stems, petioles, leaves etc, are alive at maturity, these are the plants "bones"
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sclerenchyma
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these cells have 2 walls a primary and a secondary and are hard and brittle, have mechanical functions in plants and are found in woody stems, stones of fruits, around seeds, 2 basic types exist
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2 basic types of sclerenchyma celles
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sclerids and fibers
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sclerids
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short sclerenchyma celles
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fibers
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long sclerenchyma cells
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Complex plant Tissues defintion
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3 basic plant cell types aggregate to form complex tissues that perform a variety of functions
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epidermis
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the outermost layer of the plants that protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds and especially in roots absorbs water and mineral nutrients, generally a single layered groups of cells and is colorless as it lacks chlorplasts, on above ground plant parts the walls of the epidermal cells usually contain cutin and are covered by a cuticle, contains several differentiated cell types including epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, epicermal hairs
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trichomes
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epidermal hairs
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cuticle
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protection against water loss
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secretory tissue (6)
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found outside of the plant, nectaries, hydathodes, salt glands, osmosphores, digestive glands, adhesive cells
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nectaries
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secrete nectar composed of sugars and other organic compounds
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hydathodes
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water is secreted through pores in epidermis and thought to play a role in transportin minerals from the roots to the leaves
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salt glands
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hydathodes found in halophytes that secrete high amounts of inorganic salts
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osmosphores
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fragrace secreting glands found in flowers (orchid)
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digestive glands
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found in insect eating plants and secrete enzymes used in digesting animal materials (venus fly trap)
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adhesive cells
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secrete materials that allow for attachment between host and parasite
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Secretory tissue 5 types
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resin ducts
mucilage cells oil chambers gum ducts laticifers (found inside plants) |
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resin ducts
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long canals that contain sticky resin
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mucilage cells
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slimy secretions high in carbs and water helps root tip penetrate through the soil
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oil chambers
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glands secrete oils that are moved outside the plants where they are aromatic
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gum ducts
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some tree species produce gums
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laticifers
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latex secreting glands occuring in species such as milkweed and poppy
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2 types of conducting tissues and definition
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xylem and phloem
an elaborate system of vessels used in conducting organic/inorganic solutes throughout the plant |
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xylem tissue brief definition
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conducts H2O and solutes from roots up to leaves where food is manufactured by process of photosyntehsis
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phloem tissue brief definition
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moves food from the leaves to other parts of the plant
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xylem long defintion
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direction of movement only up, made up of tracheids and vessel elements, wood is xylem that is no longer conducting water and minerals
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vessel elements
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shorter and wider and lack end plates in xylem
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tracheids
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long tapered with angled end plates that connect cell to cell in xylem
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xylem cells dead at maturity?
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yes
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phloem extended def
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main components are sieve elements and companion cells
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sieve elements
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have perforated ends and stack together to conduct photosynthetis, from the leaves to other tissues where it is needed (roots flowers fruits etc)
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companion cells
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move sugars in and out of sieve elements
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apical meristems
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regions where growth occurs, cells are rapidly dividing within meristems, in stems the meristem is located at the apex (tip) and hence the name
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monocot meristems
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intercelleruly meristems occur in stemas at the base of nodes and leaf blades
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dicot meristems
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in dicots with secondary growth the new xylem and phloem originate from a secondary meristem called vascular cambium, bark and new epidermis originates from secondary meristems called cork cambium
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leaves
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lateral outgrowth from the stem most commonly flat, broad and green, many shapes/sizes, consist of petiole and lamina, can be simple or compound
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compound leaves
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leaves are composed of several leaflets arising from the same petiole
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simple leaves
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leaves have blade as 1 continuous unit
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leaves functions *6
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photosynthese
regulate H20 loss (transpiration) storage protection attraction propogation |
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stomata
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pores that function in gas exchange-air enters these openings and is used in photosynthesis and respiration. O2 produced exits through stomata along with water vapor, the guard cells regulate the size of the stomatal pores
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Dicots stomat layout
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more stomata on the lower epidermis
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monocot stomata layout
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same number of stomata on the two epidermisis
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floating leaf stomata vs underwater leaf
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stomata on upper epidermis vs no stomata
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leaves 5 modifications
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tendrils
carniverous plants bracts for attraction spines for protection scales for storage |
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tendrils
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climbing
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carniverous plants
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venus fly trap
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bracts for attraction
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dogwood or poinsetta
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spines for protection
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cacti
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scales for storage
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daffodil
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stems
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the central axis of teh shoot of a plant
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morphology
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herbaceous stem
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node
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point of leaf attachment
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internodes
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distance between 2 nodes (growth happens here)
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axil
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angle formed by junction of leaf and stem at node
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leaf scar
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scar from spot where leaf fell off at node
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6 functions of stems
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support
conduction storage photosynthesis propogation protection |
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epidermis
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outermost layer of the stem
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cortex
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internal part of the stem primarily composed of parenchyma cells
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vascular tissue
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form the central cylinder of the stem called the stele, made up both xylem and phloem tissues arranged in vascular bundles
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how vascular bundle arranged in dicots
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in a ring around a region of parenchyma celes called a pith
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how vascular bundles arranged in monocots
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distributed throughout the cortex and does not have a pith
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stems
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woody plants/secondary growth
-only occurs in dicots and gymnosperms -wood is older secondary xylem -can age the plant by counting xylem rings |
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vascular cambium
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-yields xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside
-lateral secondary growth meristem -primarily found in stems and roots -adds girth to the plant |
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stems cork cambium
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secondary lateral meristem, yields cork or bark to outside and parenchyma cells to inside, replaces epidermis, serves ot protect tree against environment, consist of secondary phloem and periderm, bark thickness is highly variable
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lenticils
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opening in cork tree bark that allow for gas exchange
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stem modifications *5
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bulbs
rhizomes stolons thorns tubers |
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bulbs
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an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves used as food storage organs, all true bulbs are monocots
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rhizomes
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underground horizontal stems produce roots/shoot at nodes
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stolons
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above ground horizontal stems, roots arise at the nodes of the stem (strawberries)
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thorns
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outgrowths of epidermis/bark
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tubers
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swollen, fleshy underground stem for storage (potato)
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Roots (2)
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taproot and fibrous roots
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taproot
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-dicots and gymnosperms
-primary root -large central axis -grows deep into the soil |
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fibrous roots
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-monocts
-lacks single dominant root (radicle dies immediately after germination) -numeours lateral roots develop -doesn't penetrate as deeply as taproot |
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Functions of roots (5)
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anchorage
nutrietn/water absorption -storage -homrone synthesis -propogation |
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root hairs
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small hairlike extensions of the outer layer of root cells, greatly increase the surface area of roots, absorbs water and nutrients
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modifications of roots (5)
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tuberous storage roots
modified taproot? aerial roots haustorial roots propogative roots buttress roots |
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tuberous storage roots
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a modified lateral root enlarged for storage (sweet potato)
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modified taproot
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carrots beets that stores water and food
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aerial roots
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mostly adventitious arise form parts other than roots, provide supports, can help in water logged soils by taking in air
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haustorial roots
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roots of parisitic plants that can absorb water and nutrients from another plant such as mistletoe
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propogative roots
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roots that form adventitious buds that develop into above-ground shoots, termed suckers, which form a new plants (spiderplant)
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buttress roots
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species of fig and other tropical trees produce huge buttress roots toward the base of the trunk to provide stability
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symbiotic relationships
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many plants form these with bacteria and fungi
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Rhizobium
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(nitrogen fixing bacteria)
most prevalent in legumes, plant roots secretes flavonois which bacteria recognizes and then synthesizes "nod" factors, root nodules form containing rhizobial bacteria that convert atmospheric N to ammoinum which is used to make amino acids for the plant, plan in return supplies rhizobium with organic acids to serve as a carbon and energy source |
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mycorrhizas
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can improve water absorption and nutrient uptake from soil (bacteria)
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endomycorrhizas
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inside of root
fungi grow as thin threads that grow between the living cells of the root, form large storage vesicles for fatty acids and branches arbuscles -arbucles penetrate roots to exchange nutrients between plants and fungi |
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ectomycorrhizas
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more common to trees, the fungal hyphae form a thick mass around the outside of the roots that causes them to thicken and branch abnormally, provides an exchange of nutrients between plants and fungus and increases absorptive network with soil
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mycorrhizal fungi
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scavenge phosphates from the soil and maybe involved in uptake of nitrates as well in return the plant provide fungus with sugars to sustain growth
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flowers (4 parts)
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sepal, petal, stamen, pistil(carpel)
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sepal
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leaflike structures that protect developing flower buds, sepals collectively called calyx
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calyx
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all sepals together
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petal
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showiest part of flower attracts pollinators, petals collectively called corolla
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corolla
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petals collectively
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stamen
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male reproductive organ parts, stalk filament and anther
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androecium
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male reproductive organ parts
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pistil *Carpel
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style, stigma, ovary
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gynoecium
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female reproductive organ parts
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FLowers
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complete flower contains all four parts, incomplete flower missing one or more of parts
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complete flowers
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all 4 parts
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incomplete flowers
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1+ parts missing
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perfect flower
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has both male and female parts (MAJ of flowers)
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monoecious plant
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the plant contains male and female flowers but they are physically located on dif parts
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Dioecious plants
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plant has male and female flowers but NOT BOTH
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Types of flowers (2)
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solitary, inflorescence
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solitary
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one flower per stem
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inflorescence
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cluster of flowers on a stem
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raceme inflorescence flower
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florets bloom from bottom of stem and progress up to the top
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lymes inflorescence flower
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top flower opens first and the blooms below open progressively down the peduncle
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function of flowers (2)
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reproduction
attractants |
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3 dashes of flower attractants
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-bright colors attract bees birds
-nectaries attract insects and animals -scent attracts pollinators |
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t/f fertilization of egg within ovary by sperm from the pollen grain
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true
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