Horticulture Exam 1

Front 1

3 tissue systems?

Back 1

ground tissue
vascular tissue
dermal tissue

Front 2

examples of organs

Back 2

roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits

Front 3

ground tissue- parenchyma

Back 3

thin walls, food storage, photosynthesis, alive at mautirty.
have flexible cell wall.

Front 4

ground tissue- collenchyma

Back 4

have uneven wall thickenings to provide support. alive at maturity.

Front 5

ground tissue- schlerenchyma

Back 5

dead at maturity. Have secondary wall thickening (lignin) instead of cellulose. Have sclerids (small cells with v. hard walls) and fibers (long and hard cells)

Front 6

vascular tissue =

Back 6

xylem & phloem

Front 7

xylem

Back 7

conducts water and dissolved materials. dies at maturity. have hard lignin walls with gaps to allow materials to move horitzontally.

Front 8

xylem- vessels

Back 8

found in angiosperms. dead at maturity, pits found in walls.

Front 9

xylem- tracheids

Back 9

found in gymnosperms and angiosperms. dead at maturity, tend to be narrower and longer than vessels.

Front 10

xylem also contains

Back 10

fibers and parenchyma

Front 11

phloem

Back 11

LIVING TISSUE. conducts dissolved sugars. sieve tube members are the conducting cells, sieve plates are at the ends. alive at maturity but degenerated. companion cells are adjacent to tube members.

Front 12

vascular tissue location

Back 12

runs entire lenght of plant. xylem ALWAYS TO INSIDE OF PHLOEM. fibers surrond it and give it strength.

Front 13

dermal tissue- epidermis

Back 13

single layer in herbaceous plants. made up of parenchyma cells. have thickened layer on outer margin, waxy cuticule on surface. nonphotosynthetic and transparent. woody plants have much ticker layer.

Front 14

woody plants epidermis

Back 14

consists of cork cells and cork parenchyma cells

Front 15

meristems

Back 15

where plant growth occurs.

Front 16

apical growth

Back 16

plant growth occurs at tips. increases length, produces primary tissues.

Front 17

lateral growth

Back 17

occurs in woody plants, locate dnear outside, increases girth, produces secondary tissues

Front 18

vascular cambien

Back 18

group of thin-walled cells that maintain ability to divide. cells on each side of vascular cambien become xylem & phloem.

Front 19

node (in woody twig)

Back 19

area b/t where leaves come off

Front 20

internode

Back 20

where leaf itself came off

Front 21

lateral bud

Back 21

where leaf came off that maintains ability to divide

Front 22

dicot vascular tissue

Back 22

produces xylem and phloem. have vascular cambien.

Front 23

monocot vascular tissue

Back 23

have scatted vascular bundles, don't have vascular cambien.

Front 24

rays

Back 24

parenchyma. formed in 2ndary growth. allow for transport of sugars laterally through osmosis.

Front 25

sapwood

Back 25

area of xylem that's still functioning

Front 26

heartwood

Back 26

clogged xylem w/ waste materials.

Front 27

fibrous systems

Back 27

root system characteristic of monocots. have mass of similar sized roots, all originate from bottom of plant.

Front 28

tap roots

Back 28

found in dicots and gymnosperms. one large root that goes down, smaller roots branch off of it.

Front 29

biannual plants

Back 29

1st year grows, 2nd year flowers. 1st year stores food in its roots, ex radish.

Front 30

root cap

Back 30

as root pushes thru soil, cells get pushed off and broken.

Front 31

root tip

Back 31

ground meristem can divide for a little while. has 3 zones:

Front 32

root hairs

Back 32

part of root tip. hairs are single cells in epidermis that grow laterally, increase surface area of root greatly

Front 33

mycorrhizae

Back 33

fungi that can perform similar function to root hairs in more mature part of roots. symbiotic relationship.

Front 34

pericycle

Back 34

layer just inside endodermis. pericycle are thin-walled cells that retain ability to divide.

Front 35

casparian strip

Back 35

little bnad around center that stops water movement, part of endodermis.

Front 36

endodermis

Back 36

casparian strip blocks water and minerals from moving thru the exoplast to the vascular tissues

Front 37

apoplast

Back 37

water is outside cell membrane, moves through walls only

Front 38

symplast

Back 38

water moves thru membrane and out other side of cell. only way for water to move in endodermis b/c of casparian strip.

Front 39

lateral roots

Back 39

arise from pericycle

Front 40

root branching

Back 40

can transfer things b/t roots, many trees are connected in forest this way

Front 41

prop roots

Back 41

roots that form in stem and grow downward, prop up plant and still function as roots

Front 42

epiphyte roots

Back 42

have roots that grasp onto other plants, take in rain and nutrients

Front 43

man root

Back 43

weighs a lot and stores water, found in desert

Front 44

absorption lag

Back 44

caused by resistance in water path in teh root.

Front 45

root pressure

Back 45

minerals actively pumped into xylem lower h2o concentration. water diffuses into xylem, and is forced upwards.

Front 46

cereals

Back 46

wheat, corn, & rice most important.

Front 47

root crops

Back 47

potato, sweet potato, cassava

Front 48

sugar producers

Back 48

sugar cane, sugar beet

Front 49

legumes

Back 49

common bean, soy bean

Front 50

tropical tree crops

Back 50

coconut, banana

Front 51

hypogynous flower

Back 51

things originate below the ovary. (ie sepals, petals, stamen)

Front 52

perigynous flower

Back 52

has floral cup which arises beneath ovary, but petals stamens etc arise above ovary.

Front 53

epigynous flower

Back 53

flower parts come off above the ovary.

Front 54

female parts of flower

Back 54

carpel (stigma, style, + ovary)

Front 55

male parts of flower

Back 55

pistil (anther holds up filament)

Front 56

locule

Back 56

space within ovary

Front 57

asexual reproductive patterns- parthenogenesis

Back 57

asexual reproduction except produces seeds that are genetic duplicates

Front 58

sequential hermaphrodite

Back 58

plant has both male & female but produced at diff. times so not self-pollenating

Front 59

hermaphrodite

Back 59

self-fertilizing plants

Front 60

single sex

Back 60

only have male or female reproductive parts

Front 61

sporophyte

Back 61

2n multicellular dipload.

Front 62

gametophytes

Back 62

male & female gametes. haploids.

Front 63

tapetum

Back 63

anther sacs contain layer of cells around sac called tapetum.

Front 64

sperm enter at ____ end of ovule

Back 64

micropylar

Front 65

inbreeding

Back 65

pollination happens from same plant, less variability, more susceptible to disease.

Front 66

outbreeding

Back 66

pollen from 1 plant to pistils of another plant.

Front 67

hybrid vigor/heterosis

Back 67

has to do w/ working towards heterozygousity. 2 alleles. b/c of this get a more vigorous plant, recessive genes don't show up as much.

Front 68

2 types of cues to attract animal pollinators...

Back 68

visual & olfactory

Front 69

visual cues- bullseye

Back 69

color contrast that creates a target

Front 70

nectar guides

Back 70

violets have dark lines, shows opening to spur & nectar

Front 71

nectar spurs

Back 71

limits which type of pollinator that can gain reward. pollen transfer kept w/i species

Front 72

isolating mechanisms- spatial

Back 72

genes cannot exchange b/c of distance

Front 73

ecological

Back 73

usually associated w/ spacial, requirements are different thus keeping species in diff. locations

Front 74

mechanical

Back 74

before fertilization, ex. 2 different nectar spurs.

Front 75

ethological

Back 75

mimics female wasp or bee and so males pollinate flowers

Front 76

seasonal

Back 76

length of life cycle, length of flowering season

Front 77

reduction in zygote formation

Back 77

pollen may not germinate or tube may die after germination

Front 78

biochemical antagonism

Back 78

stops fusion of egg and sperm

Front 79

pollenkit

Back 79

coating on exine, outer layer of pollen grain. tends to be colored and sticky.

Front 80

sporopollenin

Back 80

forms intricate patterns in pollen wall, some gaps in exine create ornate patterns.

Front 81

exine

Back 81

outer layer of pollen made by tapetum

Front 82

intine

Back 82

inner wall made by pollen grain

Front 83

apertures

Back 83

where pollen tube will germinate, sporopollenin is v. thin or non existant

Front 84

line of dehiscence

Back 84

where polit occurs in pollen, sacs open up & turn inside out

Front 85

pericarp

Back 85

ovary wall made up of endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp

Front 86

simple fruit

Back 86

arises from the single ovary of one flower

Front 87

simple dry fruit

Back 87

follicle develops from single pistil, opens along 1 side only.

Front 88

dehiscent- legumes

Back 88

split along 2 sides, develop from single pistil also.

Front 89

dehiscent- capsule

Back 89

simple dry dehiscent fruit, develops from compound pistil with 2 or more carpels. poppy, daylily.

Front 90

indehiscent

Back 90

fruit does not open at maturity.

Front 91

indehiscent- achene

Back 91

small, one-seeded. dandelion.

Front 92

indehiscent- caryopsis

Back 92

seed coat fused with pericarp. corn, wheat.

Front 93

indehiscent- samara

Back 93

one-seeded, has wing formed by extension of ovulary wall. maple

Front 94

indehiscent- nut

Back 94

rather large one to 2 seeded fruit, bracts enclose the hard and stony pericarp.

Front 95

simple fleshy fruits

Back 95

a portion or all of pericarp is fleshy at maturity

Front 96

berry

Back 96

always develops from a superior ovary, entire pericarp fleshy at maurity. tomato, grape.

Front 97

berry- hesperidium

Back 97

pericarp leathery, pulpy. all citrus fruit.

Front 98

berry- pepo

Back 98

floral tube and pericarp ripens fleshy. thick rind. squash.

Front 99

berry from inferior ovary

Back 99

"false" berries created from other parts of flower. blueberies, bananas.

Front 100

berry- drupe

Back 100

pericarp divided into 3 parts. outer exocarp, middle mesocarp, fleshy endocarp. stony pit enclosing seed. olive, chrry.

Front 101

simple accessory fruits

Back 101

fruit includes ovulary wall and other parts of flower

Front 102

simple accessory- pome

Back 102

fleshy receptable, exocarp, and mesocarp. leathery endocarp. combination of ovary wall and receptable. apple,pear.

Front 103

aggregate fruit

Back 103

arises fro a # of seperate ovaries, attached to single receptable of 1 flower.

Front 104

raspberry

Back 104

simple fruits are drupelets, where adhere to one another.

Front 105

strawberry

Back 105

simple pistils ripen into achenes of fleshy, greatly enlarged receptacle.

Front 106

multiple fruits

Back 106

develop from individual ovaries of flowers grouped closely together. fruit is produced from each flower that remains together in single mass. pineapple.

Front 107

hilum in seed

Back 107

where ovule was attached

Front 108

arils

Back 108

seperate appendage like knobs or ridges.

Front 109

caruncle

Back 109

type of aril

Front 110

perisperm

Back 110

sometimes becomes food tissue for seed instead of endosperm

Front 111

aleurone

Back 111

layer of cells on outside of endosperm. have prominent nuclei. contain oil and protein.

Front 112

plumule

Back 112

growing part of seed which will be stem.

Front 113

radicle

Back 113

growing part of seed which will be root

Front 114

coleoptile

Back 114

surronds shoot apical meristem-- comes out first i germination

Front 115

coleorhiza

Back 115

sheath that surronds root apical meristem