Hort Final

Front 1

Salad vegetables vs. greens

Back 1

Salad - consumed uncooked (lettuce, arugula, endive, chicory)

Green - consumed cooked (spinach, chard, collard, kale)

Front 2

Leafy vegetable characteristics

Back 2

Biennial, cool season, shallow rooting

Front 3

Bolting

Back 3

lettuce produces seedstalk in response to stress (causes bitterness)

Front 4

4 types of lettuce

Back 4

Bibb/butterhead - small heads, inner leaves are yellow and tender, sweet flavor

Iceburg - fast food, thin and crisp, sensitive to heat

Romaine - upright head to 10" tall, crispier, caesar salads

Leaf - no head, widely adapted, mixed green salads

Front 5

Problems caused by high temperatures

Back 5

Seedstalk forms, bitter leaves, stunted growth

Front 6

Ways to prevent bitterness

Back 6

Less bitter cultivars, blanching, harvest when cool temps

Front 7

Arugula

Back 7

used in mix salads, related to mustards (so pungent) --> cannot be consumed alone

Front 8

Endive

Back 8

Produces blue flower, brought to Mediterranean by Egyptians

Blanching

Front 9

Chicory

Back 9

Grows along highways, produces light blue flower

Used as coffee supplement - New Orleans, reduces bitterness, no caffeine

Front 10

Witloof chicory

Back 10

grown in winter to produce chicons; roots kept in dark because light makes leaves bitter

Front 11

Radicchio

Back 11

type of chicory; grown outdoors similar to lettuce

used in salads or grilled

Front 12

Spinach

Back 12

edible part is leaves -> seedstalk is formed in response to hot temps and long days

Front 13

New Zealand spinach

Back 13

substitute for spinach; can be grown in dry weather and hot temperatures

Front 14

Chard

Back 14

first developed for its leaves

does not form seedstalk; has leaf blades and leafstalks; colorful with good flavor

Front 15

Cole crop

Back 15

part of mustard family --> pungent, anti-carcinogen

cool season, biennial (1st year - head, 2nd - flower)

Front 16

Producing cole crops

Back 16

transplants, rapid growth, control cabbageworms

transplant thickness = less than diameter of pencil

Front 17

Cabbageworms

Back 17

3 catepillars that feed on cole crops

adults lay eggs on underside of leaves

Front 18

Collard vs. kale

Back 18

Collard = eaten, kale = ornamental

Front 19

Harvest of collard, kale

Back 19

1) cut entire young plant
2) harvest leaves throughout season

Front 20

Cabbage cultivation

Back 20

Can withstand temps below 0F, plant in early spring or late summer, use transplants

needs adequate nitrogen fertilizer

Front 21

Harvest/storing cabbage

Back 21

Harvest when head is firm but before cracks

Late maturers can be stored at 40F and high humidity in pit roots

Front 22

Fermented cabbage

Back 22

kimchi, sauerkraut

Front 23

Broccoli characteristics

Back 23

all over US, can harvest over extended period of time by harvesting side heads

Front 24

Broccoli harvest

Back 24

central head with 6" of stem, harvest before flower buds open with yellow flowers

Front 25

Cauliflower difficulty in growing

Back 25

must be blanched, does not tolerate heat or cold

Front 26

Cauliflower - why blanch?

Back 26

to keep white, protect against sunscald, frost injury

Front 27

Buying quality cauliflower

Back 27

florets tightly closed, white color, no purple on stems or flowers, no black on curds

Front 28

Curcurbita pepo

Back 28

Diverse - squash, pumpkins, gourds

Front 29

Cucurbita moschata

Back 29

Processing pumpkin, winter squash

first species to be cultivated

Front 30

Cucurbita maxima

Back 30

giant pumpkin

Front 31

Curcurbits pollination

Back 31

monoecious - separate male and female flowers on each plant

bee pollination results in cross pollination --> cannot collect and replant seed

Front 32

Cucumber beetle

Back 32

Carries bacterial wilt, worse on younger plants

Front 33

Summer squash

Back 33

harvest immature before skin hardens and seeds are mature

zucchini --> most popular summer squash

Front 34

Winter squash

Back 34

harvest when fruit is uniform in color and rind hard

has dry dense flesh that is good for culinary use

Front 35

Blue Hubbard

Back 35

type of winter squash

good for processing, used in baby food

Front 36

Pumpkins

Back 36

edible fruit that is harvested mature and not used as baked vegetable

3 uses: carving, seed, pie filling

Front 37

Processing pumpkins

Back 37

thick flesh, little stringy fiber, small seed cavity

Front 38

Melon pollination

Back 38

Separate male and female flowers --> need bees for pollination (wind is not effective)

Front 39

Cantaloupe / muskmelon

Characteristics
How started
Selecting good one

Back 39

inner flesh has strong flavor, heavily netted

started as transplants, plastic mulch

good one: rind is tan-yellow between ribs, stem easily separates from vine

Front 40

Wintermelons

Characteristics
Examples

Back 40

smooth rind surface, lack distinctive odor, long growing season

Honeydew
Casaba

Front 41

Muskmelon/cantaloupe vs. wintermelon

Back 41

M/c: locally grown, musky flavor, detach from stem when pulled, yellow when ripe

WM: grown in southwest, not musky, must be cut, may or may not turn yellow

Front 42

Watermelon

Appearance
When ripe

Back 42

serrated leaves; flesh red (or yellow)

Ripe: surface color dull, no nail marks, bottom turns from green to yellow

Front 43

Seedless watermelon
Adaptations

Back 43

Seedless: plant diploid with tetraploid --> gives sterile triploid hybrid

Adaptations: adapted to south, not central or northern IL

Front 44

Cucumbers - center of origin

Back 44

Africa and Asia --> trade routes between Africa and India

Front 45

Cucumbers pollination?

Back 45

Monoecious - male and female flowers, bee pollination

Gynoecious - all female (doesn't use energy to produce male flowers, more fruit)

Parthenocarpic - fruit without pollination, longer and thinner, seedless, more money

Front 46

Slicing vs. pickling cucumbers

Back 46

Slicing: longer, thinner; smoother; dark skin

Pickling: warty; blockier; firm flesh

Front 47

Burpless cucumbers

Back 47

people have trouble eating skin

milder in flavor, thinner skin, from Burplee seed co.

Front 48

West Indies gerkin

Back 48

cucumber from Africa

spherical, used for pickling

Front 49

What is a legume?

Back 49

plant that produces edible seeds in pods

Front 50

Legume nodules

Back 50

formed from relation with rhizobium bacteria --> convert atmospheric nitrogen into form plant can use

Front 51

Peas

Origin
Characteristics

Back 51

first cultivated in Turkey

annual, cool season

Front 52

Peas

soil requirements
emergence

Back 52

well drained, moderately fertile (too much N causes large vines and few pods)

hypogeal emergence - cotyledon stays below ground

Front 53

English peas
Edible pods
Snap peas

Back 53

English - grown for fresh seed

Edible pods - grown for pods, before seeds develop; snow, sugar, chinese peas

snap - eat pod and seed

Front 54

Haricot beans

History
parts consumed
emergence

Back 54

Spanish/portuguese explorers spread throughout world

consume pod and seed

epigeal emergence - cotyledons pulled above soil surface

Front 55

Fresh (snap) beans

Back 55

Green/waxed beans

firm, crisp pods; moisture forms around break

bush or pole/climbing types

harvest when pods and seeds are immature

Front 56

Dry beans

Back 56

dry seed are cooked and consumed

gas is broken down by bacteria in large intestine

white, pinto, kidney, black, navy beans

dent/bite test

Front 57

Fava beans

Back 57

only beans in old world

broad plump shape; 7" - 5-6 beans

Front 58

Lima beans

Back 58

hard to digest

large seeded - Peru, Fordhook types
small seeded - baby limas

warm season, avoid soils too rich in nitrogen

Front 59

How sweet corn differs from other corns

Back 59

Endosperm: sugar in kernels, not starch

Pericap: skin is thinner, making them tender; winkle when dried

Front 60

Types of sweet corn

Back 60

Su/standard: less initial kernel sugar

Se/sugar enhancer: more sugar

Sh2/supersweet: research done at UIUC in 50's; holds sweetness longer

Front 61

Corn cross pollination

Back 61

Need to prevent cross pollination with wrong cultivars - timing and distance

Front 62

Suckers/tillers corn

Back 62

Do not need to be removed because can't compete with main stalk

Front 63

Corn harvesting

Back 63

Milk stage - juice of kernels is milky, not thick

about 20 days after 1st appearance of silks

Front 64

Problems corn

Back 64

Earworm - once is inside, cannot control - use mineral oil

Flea beetle - carries Stewart's wilt

Smut - caused by fungus in kernels or tassels; more severe in hot, dry conditions with white cultivars

Raccoons - eat corn in milk phrase right before harvest; hard to control - look for tracks, may need to trap

Front 65

Popcorn kernels/popping

Back 65

Moisture is important for popping - when heated, water expands causing kernel to turn itself inside out

pericap = pressure vessel; steam expands kernel; popping happens when pericap ruptures

Front 66

Popcorn pollination

Back 66

plant in blocks but don't need to isolate from others

sweetcorn and popcorn have to release pollen at same time

Front 67

causes/solutions to poor popping

Back 67

moisture content too low - need proper storage (can add water to container)

pericap broken

chewey if too much moisture

Front 68

Popcorn nutrition

Back 68

plain popcorn is nutritious - fiber protein iron calcium

added salt and oil lowers nutritional value

Front 69

Tomato - center of origin and domestication

Back 69

incas traded to aztecs

domestication took place in mexico by aztecs; larger fruit, self-pollination, loss of dormacy

Front 70

Tomato

folklore
why so popular

Back 70

love apple - powerful aphrodesiac; makes arthritis pain worse

easy to grow, few plants produce lot of fruit, garden tomatoes taste better than store tomatoes

Front 71

Tomato growth types

Back 71

determinant: terminal growth point, stop growing at certain height, fruit matures over shorter time

indeterminant: no terminal point, keep growing taller, older cultivars, may be late maturing

Front 72

Tomato culture

Back 72

caging and staking - reduce disease problems (more air movement, less humidity); better quality because off the ground

suckering - small shoots; remove them

Front 73

Tomato fruit differences

Back 73

Yellow is sweeter, XL is late maturers

Front 74

Tomato problems

Back 74

tomato hornworm - feed on foliage; must hand pick or braconid wasps

blossom end rot - caused by poor calcium distribution; even watering, mulching

Front 75

Capsicum annuum

Back 75

bell, jalapeno peppers

used as substitute for black pepper

Front 76

Capsicum frutescens

Back 76

cayenne, tabasco

Front 77

Capsicum chinense

Back 77

habanero

Front 78

Bell peppers

Back 78

large and hollow, red when ripe

green = not ripe but keeps longer

Front 79

Ways to reduce pepper burning

Back 79

eat fat or starchy foods

Front 80

Scoville units

Back 80

use sugar water solution

Front 81

Quality hot sauce

Back 81

pepper, vinegar, salt

Front 82

Eggplant

Back 82

native to India and China - grown as ornamental in England

bushy plant grows up to 3 ft tall, annual, flowers are deep purple

brown or dull fruit - overmature

Front 83

Potatoes and Ireland

Back 83

potato famine 1845-8 = 1 million died, 1.5 million emigrated

Front 84

Potatoes poisonous

Back 84

fruit and leaves are poisonous; green tubers (exposed to light) are also poisonous

Front 85

High starch vs. low starch potatoes

Back 85

high starch = baking, deep frying, mashing

low starch = hold shape after cooking = red-skinned

Front 86

Seed pieces

Back 86

small whole potatoes or pieces; must have at least one eye; let sit 1-3 days to form callus

Front 87

Hilling/mulching

Back 87

Hilling - build up soil around plants - helps to cover tubers

mulching

Front 88

Onions - history/origin

Back 88

central asia, consumed wild onions before farming, staple in prehistoric diet, less perishable and easily transported, considered sacred by ancient egyptians

Front 89

Onion pungency

Back 89

wear goggles, chill, cut underwater

cultivars vary in pungency

Front 90

Common onion

Back 90

Bermuda or vidalia

Front 91

Shallots

Back 91

smaller bulb, more delicate garliky flavor

Front 92

Onions - seeds, transplants, sets

Back 92

Seeds - longer time period, weed control is important

transplants - produce large onions, slower to develop, not carried by many garden centers

sets - best for home gardener, don't keep as long, tiny bulbs planted within rows

Front 93

Softneck vs. hardneck garlic

Back 93

softneck - type sold in stores

hardneck = better flavor but:
produces less per acre, requires more land and labor, does not store well

Front 94

tap roots vs. lateral roots

Back 94

tap: biennial, cool, radish/carrot/turnip

lateral: annual, warm, sweet potato

Front 95

Xylem vs. phloem

Back 95

xylem: inner core of root, takes water/nutrients from roots to rest of plant

phloem: outer area of root, takes nutrients from leaves to rest of plant

Front 96

Keys to growing carrots

Back 96

germination takes as long as 2 weeks, seedlings may not emerge uniformly

plant with radish seeds, which help break soil for tender seedlings

Front 97

Excessive organic matter in carrots

Back 97

may cause forked or twisted roots

Front 98

Differences rutabagas and turnips

Back 98

Turnips: little/no neck, rough hairy leaves, root flesh is white

Rutabagas: yellow solid flesh, smooth waxy leaves, slower growing

Front 99

keys to growing turnips and rutabagas

Back 99

T: south of champaign, spring - as early as possible

R: northern areas, late June for fall crop

Front 100

Sweet potato origin and spread

Back 100

origin - Andes mountains of Peru and Columbia

spread to Polynesia - did not evolve here, no drift, no international trade

Front 101

Keys to growing sweet potatoes

Back 101

need for warmth, plastic mulch (boosts soil temperature), slips

Front 102

Yams vs. sweet potatoes

Back 102

Yam: tuber, 180-360 days, blocky/cylindrical, white flesh

sweet potato: lateral, 90-150 days, tapered ends, orange flesh

Front 103

T/F Leeks have a milder flavor than onions

Back 103

True

Front 104

T/F New potatoes are harvested before the foliage dies

Back 104

True

Front 105

T/F Flea beetles are key pests of eggplant and corn

Back 105

True

Front 106

T/F Rutabaga is grown in Memphis, turnips in Fairbanks

Back 106

False

Front 107

T/F Allicin in broccoli has anti-bacterial properties

Back 107

False

Front 108

T/F Peas are warm season vegetables best planted in the heat of summer

Back 108

False

Front 109

T/F Bulbs are the swollen stems modified for storage

Back 109

False

Front 110

Stem of an onion is called?

Back 110

basal plate

Front 111

Varieties of brassica oleracea

Back 111

broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and kale

Front 112

What part of eggplant is harvested?

Back 112

Fruit

Front 113

Cucumbers have ________ flowers that are best harvested __________ and originated in _____ or _______

Back 113

monoecious flowers, best harvested in the summer, asia or africa

Front 114

two solanum vegetables and where they originated

Back 114

eggplant - India
potato - America

Front 115

large tomato fruit have ________ from incomplete pollination

Back 115

cat-facing

Front 116

difference between tubers and bulbs

Back 116

tubers have buds called eyes while bulbs cannot see

Front 117

if you want to produce hot onions that you can store in your cellar, you should add:

Back 117

elemental sulfur

Front 118

which tomatoes have the smallest fruit?

Back 118

current tomatoes

Front 119

center of origin and location of domestication for tomatoes

Back 119

center of origin: peru
location of domestication: mexico

Front 120

likely origin of sweet potatoes?

Back 120

peru