Hort 105 Final

Front 1

General characteristics of leafy vegetables

Back 1

Biennials, cool season, shallow-rooted, consuming after 1st year

Front 2

Bibb or butterhead

Back 2

small heads (leaves haven't spread)
inner leaves are tender (yellow/cream)
delicate sweet favor

Front 3

Bolting

Back 3

Producing a flower stalk (making it very bitter)

Front 4

Iceberg

Back 4

not as many nutrients, most common type in fast food, sensive to heat, leaves are thin & crisps

Front 5

tipburn

Back 5

not enough calcium (leaves brown)

Front 6

Cos or Romaine (lettuce)

Back 6

elongated head
upright head up to 10 in. tall
leaves are crisper than other heading types
in Ceaser salads

Front 7

leaf lettuce

Back 7

easy to grow
does not form a head
widely adaptated
harvested young
harvest when you want it

Front 8

Lettuce (Temps, moisture)

Back 8

sensitive to high temps
High temps cause:
seedstalk to form (bitter leaves)
internal tipburn of crisp
stunted growth
bitter leaves
Moisture:
have a shallow root system
does not tolerate drought well

Front 9

Ways to avoid bitterness/ pungency

Back 9

1. blanching (prevent plant from being exposed to sun)
2. using less pungent cultivars
3. harvest when temps are cool

Hot/dry temps trigger bitterness

Front 10

Endive

Back 10

biennial or perennial
India/ Mediterranean region
loose, narrow, medium green, finged, curly leaves
cultivation similar to lettuce, requires less watering

Front 11

Chicory

Back 11

Related to Endive
Native to europe
Perennial but grown as long season annual
Roasted roots have been widely used as a coffee substitue (no caffeine)
Reduces bitterness of coffee

Front 12

Greens

Back 12

often were wild plants that emerged early in the spring
generally consumed cooked

Front 13

Spinach

Back 13

rosette (leaves) edible part
seedstalk is produced in response to long days & hot temps. (not a good warm sesaon veg.)

Front 14

Chard

Back 14

type of beet, does not form seedstalk in warm temps
can use both leaf blades & leafstalks
colorful petioles
good flavor

Front 15

Collard & Kale

Back 15

Kale - crinkly leaf
Collard - bigger leaf
cool season vegetables

Front 16

Collard/Kale cultivation

Back 16

planting - may be seeded, transplanted, tolerate summer heat, seed in midsummer for fall harvest, light frost improves mild-cabbage like flavor

Front 17

Collard/kale Harvest

Back 17

Individual leaves, entire young plant can be cut off at the ground & used

Front 18

Cole Crops

Back 18

Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower

Front 19

Cole crops Background

Back 19

Mustard family, can be pungent, cool season, biennial

Front 20

Keys to producing cole crops

Back 20

transplants, rapid growth not stress, cabbage worms must be controlled

Front 21

What is cabbageworm?

Back 21

3 caterpillars that feed on cole crops
lay eggs underside of leaves
can be controlled with Bt

Front 22

Cabbage

Back 22

Europe, forms a head, consume leaves

Front 23

Cabbage Plant cultivaiton

Back 23

can withstand temps below 0
can plant in early spring, & late summer
transplants used
adequate nitrogen important

Front 24

Cabbage - Harvesting

Back 24

when head has become firm but before it cracks/splits

Front 25

Broccoli

Back 25

wide adaptation, Europe, forms a flower head, consume flower buds (unopen)

Front 26

Broccoli (harvesting)

Back 26

harvest central head w/ 6 in. of stem (stem keeps nutrients & moisture in order to make it last long) Harvest vefore the flower buds start opening & develop a yellow color

Front 27

Cauliflower

Back 27

S. Europe, Most difficult to grow, must be blanched, does not tolerate her heat (won't form a head)
Must place leaves over head

Front 28

3 Veg. prepared cooked

Back 28

1. Spinach
2. Chard
3. Collards/kale

Front 29

4 Examples of brassica oleracea

Back 29

open leaves
leaves in form of a head
green flower buds
white (closed buds)

Front 30

Cucurbits

Back 30

Pumpkins, squash, gourds, cucumbers, melons

Front 31

Cucurbits - difference female & male flowers

Back 31

Only females produce fruit, need cross pollination

Front 32

Monoecious flowers

Back 32

curcurbits - single sex
Male flowers with stamens & female flowers with ovaries on the same plant
Requires bee pollination
Cannot collect & re-plant seeds

Front 33

Cucurbits - key production problems (pest)

Back 33

cucumber beetle (feed on plants & blossoms) are attracted to chemicals plants emit
Also called corn root worm (hold bacteria on mouths that kill plant - have to control beetle)

Front 34

How do you control cucumber beetle?

Back 34

Integrated pest management, critical to control when plants are young
Sevin & rotenone insecticides
Row tunnels (cover the plants)

Front 35

Cucurbits - key production problems (other )
& controls

Back 35

Viruses
transmitted by aphids, can limit summer squash production

Controls: grow resistant squash , reflective mulches

Front 36

Summer Squash

Back 36

harvested when rind (Skin) is still soft & seeds are mature, the smaller the more flavorful
*differences from winter squash & pumpkins
Ex - zucchini

Front 37

Winter Squash

Back 37

rind is hard - harvest
used as a cooked vegetable

Front 38

Pumpkins

Back 38

not harvested mature
processed - usually dessert food
Processing Pumpkins: thick flesh, stringy fiber (not a lot), small seed cavity

Front 39

Melons

Back 39

Originated in southwest Asia
& africa
Warm season
Separate male/female flowers
Need bee pollination

Front 40

Muskmelon

Back 40

netted outside
interior flesh :salmon

Ex: canteloupe

Front 41

Melon Planting

Back 41

1. Most start as transplants
2. black plastic mulch - warms soil
3. timing of planting (after danger of 1st frost)

Front 42

Selecting a good melon

Back 42

- rind changes from greet to tan/yellow between ribs
- stem should easily separate from vine
- blossom end of fruit fairly easy to depress

Front 43

Melon problems (poor flavor)

Back 43

- cloudy weather during ripening
- too much or too little water (not as sweet)
- temps. too high
- over or under ripe

Front 44

Melon Problems

Back 44

Cucumber beetle
Controls: sevin, black plastic mulch, row covers
Bacterial wilt - must control beetles

Front 45

Winter Melon

Back 45

Smooth Rind Surface
lack distinctive odor
Require long growing season (3-5 months)
(Honeydew, casaba)

Front 46

Muskmelons Vs. Winter Melons

Back 46

Muskmelon:
- locally grown, musky flavor, detach from stem when pulled, turn yellow when ripe

Winter Melon:
Grown in southwest (warm climates)
Do not have musky flavor (sweet)
Must be cut from plant
May or may not turn yellow when ripe

Front 47

Watermelons

Back 47

Originated in Africa, need to get lots of sugar in it
1. grow smaller type - icebox (easier to grow)

Front 48

Harvesting Watermelon

Back 48

surface color is dull
skin is resistant to penetration to thumbnail

Front 49

Watermelon problems

Back 49

Birds making holes in tops

Front 50

Cucmber

Back 50

2 types - pickling & slicing
Originated in Africa/Asia
Separate male/female flowers

Front 51

Gynoecious cultivars

Back 51

have all female flowers
energy not used to produce male flowers, can produce more fruit

Front 52

Parthenocarpic cucumbers

Back 52

produce fuit w/out pollination, often used in greenhouse (no bees to pollinate it)
A little more flavor

Front 53

Slicing Cucumbers Vs. Pickling

Back 53

Slicing:
Longer, smoother, *Darker skin

Pickling:
Blockier, Warty, *Firmer flesh

Front 54

Legume

Back 54

Plants that produce edible seeds in pods
Symbiotic relationship with rhizobium bacteria
Produce its own fertilizer - overcome N deficiency

Front 55

Legume (diet & characteristics)

Back 55

Excellent source of protein

annual seeds
seeds are in pods
fix nitrogen
Some cool season, others warm (successful plants)

Front 56

Peas

Back 56

Native to Med.
*Cool season
annual
Soil - well drained (so bacteria can ***get nitrogen)

Front 57

Peas - what kind of emergence

Back 57

Hypogeal - shoot breaks thru & the cotyledons stay below ground

Front 58

Types of Peas

Back 58

Dried peas
English pea - pods harvested when seeds fully form but before they harden
Edible-pod pea - grown for pod instead of seed
Snap - seed & pod eaten

Front 59

Haricot Beans

Back 59

Native to Central & S. America
Pod & seed consumed
Epigeal emergence - cotyledons pulled above surface, don't want to damage: storage/growing point, can damage cotyledon

Front 60

Haricot Beans (charact.)

Back 60

most versatile of all legumes in respect to shape & color

Front 61

Fresh (snap) beans - Haricot

Back 61

pods of most can be eaten fresh before they reach maturity
also called green beans or waxed beans
Look for:
firm, crip pods
healthy green pods
Healthy green or yellow color
free of blemishs
Moisture from around the break when pod is snapped in two

Front 62

Sweet corn (Endosperm & Pericarp)
Unlike other corns

Back 62

Endosperm - produces and retains large amounts of sugar in the kernals, than starch (seed storage material, makes seed a nutrient seed house)

Pericarp - skin of kernals

Front 63

Sweet Corn: Planting

Back 63

Planting timing (temporal) & cultivars w/ different maturity (varietal)

Front 64

Male & Female parts of Sweet Corn

Back 64

Female - ears (silk - captures pollen)
Male - anthers (produce pollen)

Front 65

Sweet Corn - Pollination

Back 65

-Wind Pollinated (plant in blocks of at least 4 rows to ensure good pollination)
-Cross - pollination

Front 66

Sweet corn - Harvesting

Back 66

"milk Phase"

Front 67

Sweet Corn - Problems

Back 67

Corn Earworm, once caterpillar is inside husk, there is no effective control

Bt may prevent entry, can only control when outside ear

Flea Beetle

Smut - caused by a fungus that invades kernels or tassels
- more severe in hot, dry conditions

Racoons - eat in early mily phase, trapping can be necessary

Front 68

Popcorn

Back 68

Probably 1st type of corn to be consumed, Region in S. America

Small ears, can be grown for popping or ornamental

Front 69

Popcorn Kernals

Back 69

think endosperm & pericarp, pointed at the base & apex

Don't want too much moisture - turns soggy

Front 70

Growing Popcorn

Back 70

slow germination, plant in blocks (good pollination), If they shend pollen at the same time as sweet corn the sweet corn can be reduced

Front 71

Hand-shelling Popcorn

Back 71

remove kernals from the ear by twisting
Store in airtight container

Front 72

Popping

Back 72

Pericarp integrity is most important
Popping occurs when pericarp ruptures
Poor Popping: moisture content is too low, pericarp is broken, popcorn is chewy - too much moisture

Front 73

Ornamental Corn

Back 73

not used for eating, colorful cultivars

Harvest when husk is dry & ears beginning to dry down

Front 74

Nighshade (Solanaceous) Family

Back 74

Tomato, pepper, eggplant, potato

Used to be considered poisionous

Front 75

Tomato (center of origin, Domestication, Foklore)

Back 75

Origin: south america
Domestication: Mexico
Folklore: love apple - cause arthritis pain to get worse

Front 76

Tomato Growth Characteristics

Back 76

Determinant - plant is programmed to get to a certain size
Indeterminant - never set a terminal flower cluster, continue to grow taller

Front 77

Tomato "pruning" or suckering

Back 77

removing leaves growing off stem (to decrease delayed tomatoes) a lot of foliage & takes away from other tomatoes, control diseases

Front 78

Tomato Use - Processing

Back 78

Paste tomato - used in catsup, pastes, sauces & canning
Usually determinant types - harvest them at the same time, when makinga big batch
Fruit characteristics
- solid
- meaty or Pulpy
- low moisture

Front 79

Harvesting Tomatoes

Back 79

Fruit should be firm and fully colored
allow to fully ripen on the plant for best flavor
High temps:
accelerate softening, harvest when fruit when color has started to develop

Front 80

Tomato Problems

Back 80

Tomato Hornworm - feed on foliage of tomatoes
Control: hand-picking
- bt

Front 81

Tomato Problems

Back 81

Blossom End Rot- calcium deficiency

Maintain even watering, use mulching

Front 82

Tomato Problems

Back 82

Fruit Cracking - cause by abundant moisture

Front 83

Tomato Problems

Back 83

Sun Scald - too much sun exposure

Front 84

Peppers

Back 84

Grown in temperate climates, native to Mexico
Can be grown as annuals

Front 85

Hotness of peppers

Back 85

- cultivar
- environmental conditions (hot & dry)
- maturity of fruit
- fruit part (seeds)

Front 86

Tuber

Back 86

Swollen underground stem (stores nutrients)
Have buds called eyes
Formation accelerated by short days

Front 87

Roots

Back 87

taproot that enlarges & grows straight down into soil
(beets, radish, carrots)

Front 88

Bulbs

Back 88

Fleshy basal leaves called scales attached to very short stem plate
(leaves eaten)
Stem does not increase in size, base of leaves swells
Require high temps & long days

Front 89

Potato Origins

Back 89

Mountainous areas of N & S America

Front 90

Potato Use

Back 90

High starch - good for baking

Low Starch - hold shape after cooking - red skin potatoes

Front 91

Potato Soil Requirements

Back 91

Sandy
Fertile
Well-drained
high in organic matter

Front 92

Seed Pieces

Back 92

Make sure you have at least one eye, let sit out for 1-3 days for callus to form - clone of potato

Front 93

Hilling potatoes

Back 93

Build loose ridge over soil, covers potato tubers

Front 94

Mulching Potatoes

Back 94

Can apply organic matter, improves drainage, keeps weeds down, keeps soil temps lower, tubers must have good shape

Front 95

Insect Problems

Back 95

Colorado potato beetle

Control - bt