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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Girth and length calculation
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Weight (kg) = (girth2 x length)/11877
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Maintenace energy
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Approx 13-15 MJ DE / 100kg
Energy used for Metabolic processes Maintaining body condition and thermoregulation Exercise to gather food, maintain basic fitness |
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maintenance protein
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130-150g CP / 100kg bodyweight
May be able to supply with pasture Depends on quality and quantity |
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Roughage 3 points
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Roughage (hay, chaff, pasture)
Minimum 1kg/100kg (1%) bodyweight as roughage Minimum 40% ration Important to maintain healthy GIT |
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Concentrates
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Concentrates
Grains, protein supplements, processed feeds Not more than 500g/100kg bodyweight per feed |
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Decribe nutrition requirements of pregnant mares.
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Need to maintain good condition to optimise fertility
Not too thin or too fat : CS 3 Rising or steady plane of nutrition at mating Avoid weight loss in first 3 months gestation |
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What is indicated in EX or under energy?
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Excess energy
Excitable and difficult to handle Gain excess condition Risk of lamintis, insulin resistance DOD in growing horses Insufficient energy Weight loss Health issues Poor exercise capacity, coat condition etc |
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how would you monitor rations? 8 ways
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Appropriate weight and condition score
Performance/exercise capacity BUT also maintaining good behaviour/temperament Health, vitality, alertness Normal feed and water intake Normal manure and urine (amount, consistency) Soundness (feet and lungs) Steady growth in young horses Breeding efficiency in stallions and mares |
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list the 7 guidlines for feeding.
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Avoid wastage of feed and sand ingestion
Use appropriate feeders Sand accumulation may also be reduced by high levels of long stem roughage intake Feed with head below chest level Allows fluid to drain from respiratory tract Dampen dusty feeds Restrict access of cold water to hot horses after work Unlimited access after 15 minutes Reduce concentrates (grain) in ration on rest days Feeding routine Consistent place and time of feeding Leave horses to eat in peace Avoid bullying Avoid heavy work after feed |
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What should you not feed or do?
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Avoid toxins
Grass clipping Plant clippings Ionophores/coccidostats Mould Oversupplementation |
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What are gastric ulcers?
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Ulceration of oesophagus, stomach and/or small intestine = EGUS
Common Erosion of mucosal surfaces Reflux of gastric acid into higher parts of stomach is a risk factor |
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how do you manage gastric ulcers?
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Long stem roughage
Saliva = bicarbonate (buffer) Floats on top of gastric fluid = “cap” High grain diets increase risk Less chewing Small dense particles increase gastric acid secretion Avoid exercise on empty stomach Lucerne may help buffer acids |
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Sporadic exertional rhabomyolysis.
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Sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis
Extreme exertion Electrolyte depletion, hypothermia Nutritional management Vit E and Se Electrolytes and minerals |
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Repeated exterional rhabomyolysis.
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Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolyis
Repeated episodes Follows exercise or excitement Pathogenesis poorly understood High grain diets increase risk |
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What s hindgut acidosis?
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XS fermentation of carbohydrate in caecum and colon
↓Reduced pH Proliferation of lactate-producing bacteria at lower pH Death of lactate-utilising and cellulytic bacteria at lower pH |
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Acidosis risk factors?
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Lush pasture
Fructans High-grain diets Unaccustomed access to high-fructan pasture or grain Hindgut acidosis Acute, chronic Sepsis, endotoxic shock Cushings, metabolic syndrome Weight-bearing, concussion Corticosteroids |
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6 acdosis consequences
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Inflammation of colon wall
Endotoxic shock Death Colic Laminitis Nervous/excitable behaviour |
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9 ways to prevent it?
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Manage healthy body condition score
Safe levels of grain Prevent grain engorgement Feed grain only to requirement Restrict access to high-risk pastures Good foot balance Avoid excess concussion Careful use of corticosteroids Virginamycin |
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how to feed ponies with EMS or cushings
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Avoid NSC
Starch High fructan pasture Soluble sugars (molasses etc) High fibre diets best High fat diets may worsen IR Chromium and magnesium? Antioxidants? Maintain healthy weigh & regular exercise |
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What are good protein supplements?
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canola lupins and coconuts
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lucerne
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Good source of protein, energy, vitamin D and calcium
Palatable Can supply CP in excess of requirements Risk of calcium imbalance Can be dusty (dampen or soak) |
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Cereal hay and chaff
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Variable quality
Palatability varies Good source of roughage for horses with low requirement (low energy) Can have high wastage Dilutes grain in feed Risk of choke if too fine |
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ways to increase energy in ration
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Oil (canola, sunflower, blended)
Energy, essential fatty acids Non heating Hot weather Calm energy Coat condition |
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bran /pollard
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Milling by-products
Rice bran has more oil/fat than wheat bran Good source of B-vitamins High phytates don’t feed large amounts of milling by-products with calcium, zinc, iron supplements Possibly less heating (behaviour) than grains Dusty Absorb moisture risk of choke if fed dry |
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Barley
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Advantages
More energy dense than oats Responds well to processing Steam-flaking, boiled, extruded (better digestibility in SI) Good source of chromium Disadvantages Needs to be processed Starch less digestible - risk of acidosis Susceptible to weevils |
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Oats
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Advantages
High fibre (so safer than other grains) Low in starch and starch is digestible in SI ???? Easy to store - protective husk Disadvantages Lowest DE of the grains - increased bulk needed for same DE May need processing for old horses or horses with bad teeth Variable CP, fibre and weight/volume Phytates (affect calcium absorption) Increased heat production from fibre (hot climates) Behaviour problems, tying up in susceptible horses |
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Water !
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Temperate (mild) conditions:
4-5L/100kg bodyweight 3-4L/kg dry matter intake At least 50L available in hot weather |
