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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Star |
anywhere above or between eyeline |
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Strip |
Narrow marking; right below or between before nostril |
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Snip |
anything below nostrils |
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Blaze |
Very wide facial marking; forehead and can include nostril |
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Bald Face |
Whole face; look out for sunburn |
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Whorl |
hair has yet to come together and forms a whorl |
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Coronet |
White markings around coronary band |
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Pastern |
On the pastern |
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Sock |
Right above fetlock; looks like a sock |
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Stocking |
All the way above the tarsus joint |
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Fetlock |
On fetlock |
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Half Pastern |
Literally half pastern |
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Sorrel |
Common w/ Quarter horses; all one color; mane and tail same color as horse |
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Chestnut |
Arabians; brownish colors |
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Bay |
Brown body color and black mane and black tail; black on one or all legs |
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Brown |
Brown around muzzle, eyes, flank, & legs |
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Black |
Pure black |
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Palomino |
yellow; can have flax on mane and tai |
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Buckskin |
lighter tan body w/ black mane, tail, and on 1-4 legs |
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Dun |
Or roan; must have dorsal stripe; zebra stripes on legs |
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Red Dun |
Strawberry appearance |
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Grullo |
mingled color; speckled |
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Gray |
Gray |
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Flea Bitten Gray |
Looks like have fleas everywhere |
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Blue Roan |
Blue mane and tail |
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Red Roan |
Red mane and tail |
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Appaloosa |
Leopard print |
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Paint horse |
literally looks like paint |
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Tobiano Paint |
Patches "bleed" into rest of coat |
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Overo Paint |
Patches clearly defined |
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How are horses measured? |
from the highest point of the withers to the ground |
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What are some different uses for a horse? |
unique & universal, sole weekender, race, sporting, etc. Many varieties |
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1 hand = ? |
4 inches |
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What are the 3 recognized classes of horses? |
Light horse, Draft horse, and Ponies |
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What is the unit used to measure horses? |
hand |
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How are light horses classified? |
by different gaits |
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3 gaits |
walk, trot, canter |
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5 gaits |
walk, trot, canter, rack, slow walk; more sophisticated |
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Common 3 gait Light breeds |
Arabians, Morgans, Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, American Saddlebred |
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average measurement for light horses |
14.2-17 hands |
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Average weight for light horses |
900-1400lbs |
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Common 5 gait light breeds |
American Saddlebred |
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Which horse can run 1/2 mile without being winded? |
American Quarter Horse |
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Which horse is a known walking horse, also called the "cadillac ride" |
Tennessee Walking Horse |
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Which horse can complete 2 miles at a gallop without being winded? |
Thoroughbred |
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Describe the stock horse |
originates from the Mustang; durable horse; holds largest class of light horses in U.S.; i.e. American Quarter Horse |
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Describe the Polo Pony |
small amount of ponies used during polo event; consist of quarter horses and thoroughbreds; Require speed and stamina |
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Describe Hunter Jumper horses |
Thoroughbreds and European breeds; excellent athletes; springing action added to feet; endurance horses |
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Average height for draft horses |
14.2-17.2 hands |
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Average weight for draft horses |
>1400lbs. |
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Primary use for draft horses |
pulling heavy loads and doing heavy work |
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Describe a draft horse |
heavy boned, heavy muscled, very calm and relaxed |
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Average height for pony |
<14.2 |
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Average weight for pony |
500-900lbs |
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What are ponies used for? |
recreational use |
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Describe ponies |
most pony registries measure by inches; very durable but bossy; like toy breeds of dogs |
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Dam |
female parent |
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Colt |
young male intact up to 3-4 years or breeding age |
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Weanling |
young horse of either sex at weaning age or less than 1 year |
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Cryptorchid |
testicles remain in inguinal region; bilateral or unilateral |
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Sire |
male parent |
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Stallion |
"stud" intact male of breeding age over 3 |
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Yearling |
Male or female; between 1-2 years of age |
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Hand |
measurement of height for horses |
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Foal |
newborn of either sex less than 1 year |
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Mare |
mature female |
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Foal heat |
first heat cycle after parturition 7-10 days after foaling |
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Founder |
common term for laminitis |
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Filly |
young female up to 3-4 years or to breeding age |
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Gelding |
castrated male of any age |
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Proud cut |
incomplete castration that causes the horse to have stud-like behavior |
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Cribber |
when bored, will hang front teeth on something and breath heavily |
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Neigh |
welcome sound; greeting when any number of horses meet; separation call when mare and foal are separated; open-mouth when comfortable with owner will neigh at owner |
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Nicker |
soft, closed-mouth sound that mare makes to foal nostril movement |
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Snort |
frightened; loud to let whoever is around know they're here |
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Squeal |
alarm other horses; defense greeting when 2 strangers meet |
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Roar |
from stallion when he is wanting to let mares know he is there; open mouth |
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normal Ears |
up front; alert |
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ears when aggressive |
pinned back |
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submissive ears |
relaxed; half drooped |
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relaxed ears |
normale |
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nervous ears |
pinned; alert; anything really |
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Pawing ground |
when nervous or frightened |
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listening ears |
the ears are cocked over |
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scent marking |
different scent glands |
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flehman |
when stallion checks to see if mare is in heat |
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Which side do you approach a horse and why? |
Left side because it is near sighted |
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Genus and species |
Equus caballus |
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Sites for pulse on a horse |
facial artery, transverse facial artery, lateral dorsal medial tarsal artery, lateral digital artery, tail artery |
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Sites for respiration on a horse |
flank area and can count the movement of nostrils |
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TPR of horses |
T: 99min - 100avg. - 101 max P: 25min. - 35avg. - 50 max R: 8min. - 12avg. - 20 max |
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ID Methods |
lip tattoo, freeze brand, hot brand |
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Lip tattoo |
common in thoroughbreds and warm bloods |
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Freeze brand |
causes discoloration in hair growth; gray-white hair depending on the brand |
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Hot brand |
very rare in equine med.; will not discolorate; will see scarring area |
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Tooth care |
constant dental work; horses grind when chewing |
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Dental floats |
manually done; 1. during eating of hay, grain, grass - gets hung up in oral cavity and falls 2. Fowl odor 3. whole particle grains seen in feces |
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Conformation of horses |
body conditioning can be hereditary; angle of shoulder in relation to front legs; length of coffin bone in relation to humerus; straightness of forelegs; angle between stifle, hock, and pastern; head, neck, & back |
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Estrous cycle in horses |
mare in standing heat to stallion; happens every 21 days |
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Estrus |
lasts 4-7 days |
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Teasing |
stallion will be introduced to the mare; mare's vulva will look like it is winking; receptive at highest peak; stallion could bite |
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Breeding |
ovulation occurs 24-48 hours before the end of estrus; egg will release 6 hours after fertilization; check between 10-14 days after conception; day 21: confirm heartbeat |
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Gestation |
330-345 days |
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How long is sperm viable for? |
30 hours in mare |
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Pasture breeding |
stallion free to run and breed at large; con: breeding dates |
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Artificial Insemenation |
semen collected and chilled or frozen and can inseminate a mare |
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Hand mating |
mare and stallion are restrained; mare prepped with a vaginal wash if necessary; penal wash for the stallion; pro: can know the dates |
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Mare prep |
must have proper care, vaccines must be given to mare & deworming; double the food |
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Foaling and parturition |
artificial time; must be stress free environment |
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right time for foaling |
typically 11pm-7am; good environment: middle of pasture; sun is best disinfectant |
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"bagging up" |
mare's utter becomes full of milk; at least 3-4 weeks before foaling |
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"waxing over" |
mare 10 days prior - utter will look waxy |
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Water breaks |
3-4 hours before foaling; 2.5 gallons of water |
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Delivery |
after delivery; shed placenta |
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resting period |
after birth |
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normal presentation |
both front feet then nose, shoulder blades, body, hips, and back legs |
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Neonatal care |
foal will stand after a few minutes; must check for patent airway for foal; begin routine care when umbilical cord breaks; clear the airway and dip the naval in 2% iodine or chlorexidine solution to prevent naval ill; dip within the first 24 hours; check physical condition and any abnormalities; tetanus injection w/ toxoid or antitoxin; check for first bowl movement - usually black and tar like; use enema if straining; if placenta doesn't pass it can cause infections |
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Foal heat |
first heat cycle after foaling is 7-9 days after giving birth; most fertile and can rebreed if no problems with delivery |
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Weaning |
no age/ depends on breeder and mare's physical condition; foal's ability to eat grain and future plans of foal; stressful time so separate the mare and foal; when weaning, use stall with a companion |
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Average range for weaning |
4-6 months |
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Mastitis when weaning |
fix by reducing daily intake of food and help with milk production; check utter daily; heat, redness, no milk |
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Castration |
performed 1-2 years old; performed in cool weather to help with inflammation and no flies; watch for cryptorchidism |
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List two metabollic disorders |
colic and laminitis |
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Colic |
not specific disease but a condition resulting from abdominal pain; pain can come from internal and external causes; most common cause: excessive motility of intestine which causes overproduction & gas; other causes: estrous, internal parasites, ingestion of large quantities of grain, ingestion of sand or moldy hays; external causes: stress; intestines can become twisted or obstructed; horse will sweat, strain, groan, roll, kick, and bite at flank or abdomen; prevent horse from rolling; |
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Laminitis |
common "founder" condition within vessels in hoof walls (lamina); become engorged with blood producing, extreme pain, rotate downward and exit bottom of sole if not fixed; causes: overeating, consumption of fresh grasses esp. Fesbue; overconsumption of cold water before cooling after exercise uterine infection equine cushings disease severe colic |
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Equine Influenza |
highly contagious, virual, flu-like symptoms: coughing, nasal discharge, fever, depression, anorexia; preventable by vaccine |
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Navel Ill |
"joint ill" fatal or cripping disease of newborn foals caused by bacteria entering the body; naval cord is the common enter place; causes inflamed naval, hot, swollen joints, lameness, no vaccine; naval dip |
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Equine Encephalomyelitis |
Sleeping sickness; viral; transmitted by mosquitoes; cause: Central nervous system disturbances, high death rate; Signs: depression, fever, ataxia, nerve disorders, more prevalent in warmer months; vaccination is recommended in spring, summer, and fall |
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Strangles |
equine distemper; highly contagious; caused by streptococcus equi; stress, exposure to wet conditions, cold weather, shipping via trailer, fatigue, respiratory infections; signs: fever, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, swelling of glands under mandible which may rupture and drain pus; treated with antibiotics; complete isolation; remain infectious up to 6 weeks; pre-exposed |
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Bastard Strangles |
Abscess anywhere else but under the mandible |
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Equine Infectious Anemia |
EIA; "swamp fever" viral infection transmitted via flies and mosquitoes; signs: high fever, labored breathing, pounding heartbeat, exhaustion, leg weakness, diarrhea, swelling of sheath, chest, and legs; death can occur w/in 30 days; if recovered, immune to virus but is now a carrier; no vaccine; good ectoparasite control and performing Coggin's test |
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Tetanus |
locked jaw; highly fatal neurologic disease caused by anaerobic clostridium tetni bacteria; signs: stiffness w/ head and neck, spasms, hypersensitivity to noise and movement; recovery = very slow; only if animal kept hydrated with adequate nutrition test if 3 months since previous vaccine |
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Equine Herpes Virus |
respiratory disease of young horses; causes: abortions in pregnant mares; vaccinated at 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th month of pregnancy if in an area common for carrying the virus |
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West Nile Virus |
passed by mosquitoes; seen in birds; affects nervous system; symptoms similar to encephalitis but with muscle trembles; vaccine unavailable since 2001; "flavivirus" |
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Potomic Horse Fever |
caused by ehrlichoristicii; signs: diarrhea, fever, abortion, laminitis; vaccine - mainly recommended for horses in eastern U.S. and near water |
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EPM |
Equine Protozoa Myelitis; caused by protozoan parasites; comes from possums; transmitted by fecal oral; affects central nervous system; causes spinal ataxia, weakness, and muscle atrophy; Tx: antiprotozoal drugs; no vaccines; best prevented by fresh food every morning |
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Rabies |
zoonotic; transmitted: rabid skunk, fox, or bat; signs: fever, hindlimb ataxia, hyperstesia - hypersensitivity to touch; progress to more neurological signs |
