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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the dental formula?
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3/3, 1/1, 3-4/3, 3/3
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What parts of the esophagus are what muscles?
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-proximal 2/3rds striated muscle
-distal 1/3 smooth muscles |
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What is choke?
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An esophageal obstruction
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What are some signs of choke (5)?
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-drooling (nasal and oral)
-not eating -distressed -coughing -wretching |
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What is the most common treatment for choke?
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-do nothing: put in a calm, quiet area with no food or water for about an hour.
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If doing nothing doesn't work, what is the next step?
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Call vet again. They will:
-give a tranquilizer -insert nasogastic tube -gently push down blockage +if doesn't work, pump water in tube to enlarge esophagus and make block more maleable. |
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What are some other less used treatments of choke?
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-Oxytocin
-Surgery as last option |
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How large is the stomach?
What are the two sphincters in the stomach? |
-2-4 gallons (8-15 liters)
-entrance: cardiac sphincter -exit: pyloric sphincter |
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What does the cardiac sphincter do?
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-prevents horse from regurgitating (vomiting) or eructate (belch).
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What else contributes to prevention of belching and vomiting in horses (besides cardiac sphincter)?
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sharp angle where esophagus enters stomach
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What are the parts of the small intestine and how long are they?
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-duodenum: (3-4ft)
-jejunum: (~70ft) -ileum: (2-3ft) |
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Where would you listen to the small intestine movements?
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-Upper left quarter of horse.
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Describe the cecum.
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-blind sac
-2-3 feet long -holds about 8 gallons of ingesta |
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What are the two areas that are most prone to obstuctions?
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1) pelvic flexure
2) transverse colon |
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What path would a particle of food take?
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-mouth
-esophagus -stomach -small intestine -cecum -large intestine -transverse colon -small colon -rectum -anus |
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What are the parts of the large intestine?
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-right ventral colon
-left ventral colon -left dorsal colon -right dorsal colon |
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What are the three main causes of weight loss?
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1) improper diet
2) dental abnormalities 3) parasitism |
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What are 6 other factors that may cause weight loss?
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-chronic infection
-liver or kidney disease -enteropathies -neoplasia -metabolic disease -idiopathic |
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What are 9 ways to evaluate weight loss?
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-review diet
-check teeth -de-worm -blood work (CBC; chem panel) -Coggins test -rectal exam -abdominocentesis -ultrasonography -surgical exploration |
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What are some causes (5) of diarrhea?
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-management
-infectious causes -metabolic causes -neoplasia -intoxications |
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What are some management diarrhea issues?
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-feed changes
-medications -parasitism -stress |
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What are some infectious diarrhea causes?
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-bacterial
-viral -rickettsial (PHF) |
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What are some metabolic diarrhea causes?
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-malabsorption
-enteropathies -enzyme deficiencies |
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What are some neoplasia diarrhea causes?
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-lymphorsarcoma
-adenocarcinoma -squamous cell carcinoma -melanoma |
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What are some intoxication diarrhea causes?
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-organophosphates
+bot de-wormers |
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What is recommended for diarrhea without any other symptoms?
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-give bland diet
-give anti-diarrheals -observation without treatment to see what happens |
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What should be done if diarrhea is accompanied by other symptoms (5)?
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-blood work-up
-fecal culture -rectal exam -abdominocentesis -ultrasonography |
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What is the most common payoff for horse insurance?
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colic
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List 15 signs of colic
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-anorexia, depression
-restelssness -lying down repeatedly -rolling, pawing -kicking at belly -looking back at flanks -yawning, lolling tongue -sweating, straining, groaning -curling lip (flehmen) -grinding teeth |
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What causes colic?
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Always due to some obstruction (blockage, twisting, etc).
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What are the types of colic obstructions?
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-mechanical (intra or extraluminal block)
-functional (aberration in normal motility) -strangulating vs simple obstruction (depends upon involvement of blood supply). |
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What happens during colic?
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-blockage prevents peristalsis
-vascular system continues putting fluid into lumen -lumen absorption reduced preventing vascular system from rehydrating -Dehydration occurs which leads to shock and death. -lumen enlarges allowing permeability of bacteria and toxins into blood. |
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What are the causes of death from colic?
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-fluid and electrolyte loss in bowel
-blood loss into bowel or peritoneal cavity. -absorption of toxins |
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What are three parts of evaluating colic?
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-signalment
-history -physical exam |
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What are the four parts of hydration evaluation
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-Color and capillary refill
-Skin turgidity -Pulse rate -Evaluate gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems |
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What are 5 other parts of a physical exam besides hydration part of evaluation?
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-intestinal motility
-nasogastric tube findings -rectal exam -abdominocentesis -response to drug therapy |
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What are the goals of doing a physical exam?n(4)
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-anatomically define site of obstruction
-surgical vs. non-surgical -etiological diagnosis -treatment plan |
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What are 4 forms of treating colic not listed on other cards?
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-nasogastric tube
-analgesics -fluid therapy -surgical treatment indications |
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When should surgery be considered an option?
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-severe unrelenting pain
-bloody abdominal tap -worsening cardiovascular status in the face of appropriate treatment -worsening rectal findings -chronicity |
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When should referring a patient be considered?
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-condition of patient good (cardiovascular and gastointestinal)
-transportation available -distance of facility -economics |
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Where would you listen for cecum sounds?
Large intestine sounds? |
-upper right flank
-low on either side |
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What can be administered with a nasogastric tube?
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-laxative
-water -antiferment |
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What is the point of rectal exams?
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Feel impaction or distended intestine.
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