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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are three (3) functions of blood?
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1) supply cells
2) remove wastes 3) body defenses |
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What does blood supply cells with? (5)
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-hormones
-oxygen -nutrients -electrolytes -water |
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What are red blood cells called?
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erythrocytes or RBC's
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What is Erythropoiesis?
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The process of making more red blood cells.
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Where does erythropoiesis occur in embryo's (4)?
Fetus (1)? Birth (1)? Adults (5)? |
Embryos: "blood islands" of yolk sac, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Fetus: start of bone marrow blood cell formation Birth: all bones Adult: sternum, ribs, pelvis, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones |
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Where is erythropoietin produced and what does it do?
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The kidney. It stimulates more RBC production to raise oxygen levels again. *Negative feedback loop stops erythropoietin production when oxygen levels increase again.
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What stimulates erythropoietin production?
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hypoxia (low oxygen level)
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What do Red blood cells do?
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Carry oxygen with hemoglobin
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How long do RBC's live for? As they age, what happens? Where are expired red blood cells removed?
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RBC:
-live 140-150 days -lose elasticity with age -are removed in liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
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What are the common names for white blood cells?
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WBC's or leukocytes
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What are three major types of WBC's?
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1) granulocytes
2) monocytes 3) lymphocytes |
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What are the three subgroups of granulocytes?
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1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils 3) basophils |
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Where are monocytes produce?
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In the bone marrow.
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How do monocytes fight bacteria?
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-phagocytosis
-chemotaxis (producing antibody to kill invading bacteria) |
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What is the life span of a monocyte?
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6 hours
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What destruction do monocytes cause?
*I don't know what this means: it's in the notes though* |
random destruction in lungs, gut, and kidney.
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Where are lymphocytes produced?
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In bone marrow and in young animals, the thymus.
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Where are lymphocytes found in the body? (5)
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In lymph nodes, the spleen, intestine, bone marrow, and peripheral bloodstream.
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What is the function of lymphocytes?
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They function in antibody production.
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What does CBC mean?
PCV? RBC? WBC? Hb? Hct? |
CBC: complete blood count
PCV: Packed cell volume RBC: red blood cells WBC: white blodd cells Hb: hemoglobin Hct: hemocrit |
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What are the eleven (11) counts vets look at when evaluating CBC?
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1) RBC 2) Hb
3) Hct 4) plasma protein 5) platelets 6) WBC 7) neutrophils 8)lymphocytes 9) monocytes 10) eosinophils 11) basophils |
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What are the normal RBC, WBC, and platelet counts in horses?
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RBC: 6.8-12.9 x 10^6 ul
WBC: 5,400-14,000 Platelets: 100-350 x 10^3 ul |
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What are the normal levels for Plasma protein, Hb, and Hct?
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Plasma protein: 5.8-8.7 gm/dl
Hb: 11-19 gm/dl Hct: 32%-53% |
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What are the normal levels for banded neutrophils? Mature neutrophils?
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banded: 0-8%
mature: 22-72% |
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What are the normal lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil values?
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lymphocyte: 17-68%
monocyte: 0-10% eosinophils: 0-10% basophils: 0-4% |
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What is anemia and what happens to blood values?
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The decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. This results in decreased RBC, PCV, and Hb counts.
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What typically occurs during an infection to blood counts?
-regenerative left shift? -degenerative left shift? -chronic infections? -parasitism, allergy, and autoimmune conditions? |
Both typically increase
-reg: increased neutrophils and bands (of neutrophils) -deg: decreased neutrophils, increased bands -chronic: increased monocytes -parasite: increased eosinophils |
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What is the normal pulse rate of a horse?
Respiratory? Temperature? |
Pulse= 28-40 beats/min
Resp= 12-18 breaths/min Temp= 99.5-101.3 degrees |
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What could be some reasons for a unilateral nasal discharge?
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-foreign body
-infected tooth -neoplasia -sinusitis |
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What could be some reasons for bilateral nasal discharge?
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-upper respiratory infection (most common!)
-pneumonia -pleuritis -gutteral pouch |
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What could cause a cough WITH nasal discharge?
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An upper or lower respiratory tract infection.
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What can cause a cough without nasal discharge?
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a) C.O.L.D/C.O.P.D./SAID (heaves)
b) inflammation of larynx and pharynx c) tumors of larynx and pharynx d) anatomic abnormalities e) idiopathic |
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What are some signs a horse is having occular pain?
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-epiphora (excessive tearing)
-photophobia (light avoidance) -blepharospasm (squinting) -miosis (constricted pupil) |
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What can cause ocular discharge? Which ones are painful?
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-obstruction of nasolacrimal duct (no pain)
-corneal pathology (pain) -inflammation inside eye (pain) -conjunctivitis (+/- pain) -neoplasia (no pain) |
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What are 5 signs of inflammation?
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1) redness
2) heat 3) pain 4) swelling 5) lack of function |
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What are 5 types of tumors?
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1) sarcoids
2) melanomas 3) papillomatosis 4) squamous cell carcinoma 5) nodular collagenolytic granuloma |
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Which horses get sarcoids and where?
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Any horse of any age can get these tumors in any location.
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Which horses get melanomas and where?
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Primarily older grey horses get these tumors around anus, tail, and vulva, though they can occur anywhere.
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Which horses get papillomatosis and where?
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Younger horses (<2) primarily get these tumors on their face and muzzle.
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Which horses get squamous cell carcinomas and where?
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Typically white horses (or non-pigemented areas of colored horses) get these at muco-cutaneous junctions.
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Which horses get nodular collagenolytic granulomas and where?
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Any horse of any age can get these tumors typically on back, neck, and girth of body.
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How do you treat melanomas?
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-neglect
-surgical removal -drug therapy |
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How do you treat papillomatosis?
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-neglect
-surgical removal -self innoculation -vaccination |
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How do you treat squamous cell carcinoma?
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-surgical removal
-hyper/hypothermia -radiation therapy |
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How do you treat nodular collagenolytic granuloma?
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-neglect
-surgical removal -steroids |
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Which tumors may be metastatic (secondary growths from initial one)?
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-squamous cell carcinomas
-melanomas |
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What causes papillomatosis?
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Virus'
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What are squamous cell carcinomas?
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Generally ulcerating, non-painful, enlarging tumors that differentiate from habronemiasis (roundworms).
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What causes nodular collagenolytic granuloma and what are they?
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-Hypersensitivity reaction to insect bites causes non-painful, small to moderately sized (single or multiple), firm. non-pruritic nodules.
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What are some latin names for nodular collagenolytic granulomas?
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-nodular necrobiosis
-equine eosinophilic granuloma |
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What about sarcoids only occurs in horses?
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Viral form of sarcoids is only in horses.
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What can sarcoids look like?
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-flat sarcoids
-wart-like -ulcerating and enlarging (though benign). |
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How do you treat sarcoids?
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-surgical removal (30-50% recurrence)
-hypo/hyperthermia -drug therapy (tumor injection) -topicals |