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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth?
Permanent formula? |
3/3 0/0 3/3 0/0 x 2=24
3/3 1/1 3-4/3 3/3 x 2=40-42 |
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What teeth does the horse have?
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-incisors
-canines *only in males -premolars -molars |
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What teeth are on the upper jaw? Lower jaw?
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-maxillary
-mandibular |
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What are wolf teeth?
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The first upper premolar with no purpose or function. Often removed if owner wants to, or if discomforting.
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What are caps?
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Deciduous teeth that are being pushed out by permanent teeth.
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What is eruption?
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When teeth break through gum line. *Most valuble aging criterion.
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How do deciduous teeth compare to permanent teeth?
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-whiter
-smaller -well worn (soft) -constricted neck |
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How long after eruption does it take for teeth to be "in wear"? What does this mean?
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-6 months
-"in wear" means teeth have grown to the point of connecting with their opposite tooth. |
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What does the occlusal surface look like in young horses? Older horses?
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Teeth line up in 1/2 circle in young horses, and are more linear in older horses.
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How do the incisors change in direction as a horse ages? (Give 2 directional answers).
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-When viewed from side, teeth point outward at a more acute angle.
-When viewd from front, incisors go from diverging outward from midline to converging inward toward midline in older horses. |
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What is the grinding surface of a horses teeth called?
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The occlusal surface.
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What 5 situations make aging a horse by teeth difficult?
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1) injury or trauma
2) vices (cribbing) 3) individual variation 4) malocclusion 5) bishoping |
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What is bishoping?
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Cosmetic and unethical altering of a horses teeth to make them look younger.
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What is cribbing?
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Biting onto something and sucking. Teeth get worn down depending on amount of time spent cribbing.
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What is an overbite and underbite called?
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-parrot mouth
-monkey mouth |
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What are 6 functions of the skeletal system?
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1) give the body form
2) support soft parts 3) protect vital organs 4) store minerals (Ca, Mg, Po4) 5) allow for movement 6) site of blood cell formation |
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What is the trunk skeleton called and what does it include?
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The axial skeleton includes the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone.
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What is the limb skeleton called?
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appendicular skeleton
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What are the 4 classes of bones?
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-long bones
-short bones -flat bones -irregular bones |
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What are the 4 parts to a long bone?
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1) diaphysis
2) metaphysis 3) physis 4) epiphysis |
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What is the primary function of long bones?
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Leverage. Also aids in support of weight and in locomotion.
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What covers the long bone and what does it function in?
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The periosteum functions in growth, nutrition, and protection of the bone.
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Describe short bones.
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They absorb concussions (impacts), are cuboidal in shape, and found primarily in complex joints such as teh carpus and tarsus.
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What are flat bones?
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Enclose cavities containing vital organs and provide wide areas for muscle attachment.
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What bones are irregular?
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Vertebrae.
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How many bones does a horse have?
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205 bones.
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What is the breakdown of bones in the body (skeletal systems and their bone numbers).
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vertebral column: 54
ribs: 36 sternum: 1 skull: 34 thoracic limb: 40 pelvic limb: 40 |
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What is a ligament?
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A band of tissue that connects bones or supports viscera (soft, internal orgns).
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What is a tendon?
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A fibrous cord by which a muscle is attached to bone.
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What are joints?
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The places where two bones meet. Can be moveable or non-moveable.
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What covers the ends of bones in moveable joints?
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cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
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What is synovial fluid?
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Honey-like fluid in joints for lubrication and nourishment which bathes the joint and is contained with the synovial membrane.
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What makes up the largest tissue mass in the horses body?
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the muscular system
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What is the definition of muscles?
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Highly specialized organs which are characterized by their ability to contact in a definite manner when stimulated.
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What are the functions of muscles?
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1) locomotion
2) blood flow 3) function in urogenital, respiratory and GI systems |
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What are the types of muscles?
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-skeletal
-smooth -cardiac |
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What is skeletal muscle?
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Striated muscles that are voluntary and function with skeletal system for locomotion.
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What are smooth muscles?
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Non-striated muscles that are involuntary and automatic in contraction. Found in the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and urogenital systems.
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How do cardiac muscles work?
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Involuntary and automatic in contraction.
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How are the muscles in the legs divided?
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Start as fleshy muscles in upper leg, but end with only flexor and extensor tendons.
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What is the path an air molecule would take in horse respiration?
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Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, then alveoli.
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What are the paranasal sinuses?
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Air filled spaces lined by mucous membranes which communicate with the nasal cavity. They lessen weight of skull.
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What are the parts of the paranasal sinuses?
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-conchal sinuses (dorsal, middle, ventral)
-maxillary sinus -frontal sinus -sphenopalatine sinus |
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What is the most important sinus? How is it divided?
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The maxillary sinus is divided into rostral and caudal portions by a thin osseous septum.
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What can be problematic with molars in terms of the maxillary sinus?
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The molars project into this sinus and are only covered by a thin bony plate. If molar is infected, plate with degrade and infection enters sinus. Pus discharge!
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What 3 single cartilages make up the larynx? How about the paired cartilage?
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1) cricoid cartilage
2) thyroid cartilage 3) epiglottic cartilage -arytenoid cartilage is paired. |
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What functionless space is found only in horses?
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The guttural pouches.
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What are the functions of the larynx?
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-control volume of air in respiration
-prevents aspiration of foreign bodies into lungs -chief organ of vacalization |
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How large is the guttural pouch? How does it communicate with pharynx?
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It is about 300cc and lined with mucous. It communicates through small slit like openings on the lateral walls. *Can be a site of numerous problems such as fungal, bacterial, and tumors.
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What happens when a horse is 11 years?
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I 3 hooked. Can last through teen years.
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Are all sinuses mirror images of one another? Do they connect? If not, where do nasal passageways connect?
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Yes, sinuses are duplicates but don't connect until they reach the pharynx.
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What is the dark groove in a horses teeth called?
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Galvayne's Groove
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What is the larynx?
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A short tube which connects the pharynx and trachea made up of cartilage, nerves, vessels, and muscles.
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When do Galvayne's grooves begin?
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Between 9-10 years, the groove appears at I 3 gum margin.
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What happens when a horse is 1 week old?
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DI 1 erupts
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What are the nine body systems in the horse?
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1) Skeletal
2) Muscular 3) Respiratory 4) Circulatory 5) Digestive 6) Nervous 7) Endocrine 8) Reproductive 9) Integumentary |
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What does Galvayne's groove look like at 15 years of age?
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The groove extends 1/2 way down tooth.
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What does Galvayne's groove look like at 20 years of age?
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The groove is entire length of I 3.
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What happens when a horse is 1 month old?
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DI 2 erupts
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What happens when a horse is 8 months?
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DI3 erupts
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What happens when a horse is 2 years?
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all DI present and level
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What happens when a horse is 2.5 years?
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I 1 erupts
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What happens when a horse is 3.5?
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I 2 erupts
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What happens when a horse is 4 years?
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I 2 in wear, canines erupt
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What happens when a horse is 4.5
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I 3 erupts
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What happens when a horse is 5 years?
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all Incisors in wear
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What happens when a horse is 6 years?
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I 1 cup gone
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What happens when a horse is 7 years?
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I 2 cup gone, I 3 has 7 year hook.
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What happens when a horse is 8 years?
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I 3 cup gone, 7 year hook gone.
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What happens when a horse is 9 years?
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I 1 round
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What happens when a horse is 10 years old?
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I 2 is round
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