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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 7 ways to approach horse lameness?
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-signalment
-history -observation of involved limb -palpation -manipulation -regional anaesthesia -radiography |
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What are some ways of observing which limb is injured? 4
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-head "nod"
-ride -stand on hard surface -longe line |
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What are things to look for during palpation of the leg?
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-use hoof tester
-inflammation of limb -asymmetry |
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What points should flexion tests be used on?
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-fetlock
-carpal -elbow -shoulder |
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What are the two ways to use anesthesia for leg lameness?
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-locally (distal to proximal)
-intra-articular |
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What are the special procedures used in assessing lameness? 6
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-ultrasound
-synovial fluid analysis -nuclear scintigraphy -thermography -CT scan -MRI |
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What are 4 specific foreleg lameness'?
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1) hoof cracks
2) navicular syndrom 3) Laminitis/Founder 4) Degenerative joint disease |
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What are some treatments for hoof cracks?
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-scoring
-shoeing -patching/repair |
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When was navicular syndrome first described?
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1752
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Which foreleg lameness is estimated to cause 1/3 of all chronic foreleg problems?
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-navicular syndrome
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Which horses are more prone to NS and what helps determine how bad it is?
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-older, large bodied with small feet, quarter horses.
*upright foot/fetock angle plays part as well -work history, concussion, and trauma to foot all determine severity |
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Which structures may be part of NS? 6
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-navicular bone
-deep flexor tendon -navicular bursa -coffin joint -navicular ligaments -cartilage |
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What is NS etiology (4 reasons for development)?
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-ischemia/thrombosis leading to degeneration
-pressure and trauma (DDF) -degenerative joint disease -still unknown |
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What are signs/diagnoses of NS?
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-chronic, progressive, intermittent, bilateral foreleg lameness
-worse on hard ground and turning -stumbling -hoof tester sensitivity -posterior digital nerve block (resolves lameness, switch to other leg) |
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What are 4 ways to treat NS?
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1) medical
2) trimming and shoeing 3) surgical 4) shock wave therapy |
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What are the 4 medical treatments used for NS?
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1) phenylbutazone
2) isoxsuprine 3) coffin joint or navicular bursal injections 4) PSGAG/hyaluronic acid systemic treatment |
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What can be used to treat NS through shoeing/trimming?
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-wedge pads
-rolled toe -bar shoes *all for balance |
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What procedure is done to surgically treat NS?
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-posterior digital neurectomy
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What is the definition of laminitis/founder?
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-inflammation and edema of sensitive laminae due to blood flow alteration
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What are some reasons for blood flow alterations in laminitis?
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-A/V anastomoses bypassing capillary bed
-vasoconstriction *caused from abnormal carbohydrate metabolism |
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What leg problem will overweight horses most likely have?
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-laminitis (from hypothryoidism, Cushinoid)
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What are the signs/diagnosis of laminitis?
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-usually bilateral
-warm feet -digital pulse -front legs out, hind legs up supporting weight -land heel-toe -hoof tester sensitivity |
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How can you medically diagnose laminitis?
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-radiography (sinking of coffin bone, evaluate rotation)
-nerve block of abaxial sesamoid usually resolves lameness |
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What are signs of chronic founder?
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-chronic lameness
-acute episodes -concave dorsal hoof wall -"founder rings" -"slippered" feet (curling up of hoof) -radiography |
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How do you treat chronic founder?
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-trimming and shoeing
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How do you treat acute laminitis?
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-antiinflammatories
-isoxsuprine -cold therapy -sole and frog support -trimming and shoeing |
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What is degenerative joint disease?
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-osteoarthritis that involves progressive damage to articular cartilage
- |
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What are the changes that occur in horses with DJD?
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-secondary soft tissue changes
-bony changes (ex; spurring) -synovial fluid changes (becomes thin and watery) |
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What is problematic if synovial fluid begins changing?
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-no cartilage protection
-less nutrition offered -less lubrication |
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What are signs/diagnosis of DJD?
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-often chronic, progressive lameness (may be acute though)
-may be joint distention, pain on flexion, drecreased range of motion -positive flexion test -intra-articular anaesthesia/nerve block -radiography |
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What are treatments of DJD?
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-antiinflammatories
-intraarticular medications -systemic medications and supplements |
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What are the intraarticular medication used in DJD?
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-steroids
-PSGAG's -H.A's -increased lubrication; decreased lytic enzymes; increased cartilage regeneration |
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How would you give supplements or systemic medications for DJD?
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-IV
-IM -oral (glucosamine, chondroitin) |
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How many bones are in the foreleg (what are they?)?
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21: scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones (8), cannon bone, splint bones, P1, P2, P3, (long, short, and coffin bones), sesamoids (2x), navicular bone
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How many muscles make up the foreleg?
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28
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List the five muscle groups and what they attach?
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-muscles of shoulder girdle (attaches foreleg to head, neck, and trunk)
-muscles of hsoulder (attaches scapula to arm) -muscles of the arm (grouped around humerus -extensor divisions (attaches to P1,2,3 -flexor division (opposite extensor) |
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What is the nerve supply of the foreleg in horse?
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Brachial plexus (composed of spinal nerves C5-T2)
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What are 11 nevrves that contribute to the brachial plexus?
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-musculocutaneous nerve
-median nerve -ulnar nerve -radial nerve -suprascapular -subscapular -pectoral -axillary -long thoracic -thoraco-dorsal -external thoracic |
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What are the arteries that contribute to the foreleg in the horse?
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-aorta
-brachial artery -median arter -common digital artery -digital artery |
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What are the veins that contribute to the foreleg of the horse?
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-digital veins
-common digital veins -metacarpal vein -median vein -brachial vein -vena cava |
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What are 4 parasitic dermatologic conditions?
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-cutaneous habronemiasis
-cutaneous onchocerciasis -pediculosis (lice) -mange (mites) |
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What are the fungal dermatologic conditions?
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-ringworm
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What are the bacterial dermatoses?
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-dermatophilosis
-scratches ("grease heel") |
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What are the immune mediated dermatoses?
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-pemphigus
-nodular collagenolytic granuloma (nodular necrobiosis) |
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What is cutaneous habronemiasis?
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-summer sores
-abberrant intradermal migration of larvae of stomach worms and hypersensitivity to them. |
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How are summer sores transmitted?
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-house flies and stable flies deposit on wounds or warm, moist areas
-creates ulcerating, enlarging, non-healing wounds |
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How is cutaneous habronemiasis diagnosed?
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-biopsy (Bollinger bodies)
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How do you treat Habronemiasis?
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-ivermectin
-wound care -fly control |
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What is cutaneous onchocerciasis?
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-dermatitis caused by hypersensitivity of an individual horse to antigens released by dead microfilariae
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Describe cutaneous onchocerciasis?
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-lesions
-non-seasonal -may or may not be pruritic |
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Describe the lesions caused by cutaneous onchocerciasis?
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Characterized by inflammatory scaling and depigmentation on:
-ventral midline -peri-orbital -face |
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How can you diagnose cutaneous onchocerciasis?
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-signs
-biopsy -wet preparation |
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How can you treat cutaneous onchocerciasis?
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-ivermectin (skin clear for 4-5 minutes).
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What are three types of sucking lice?
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-Trichodectes pilosus
-Trichodectes equi -Haematopinus asini |
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Where are lice usually found?
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-in dirty surroundings
-most commonly seen in winter |
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What can lice cause?
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-self trauma due to intense pruritis
-anorexia, anemia, weight loss, and depression can result from heavy infestations |
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How can you diagnose lice?
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-signs
-nits -lice on head, neck, mane, and tail |
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How can you treat lice?
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-lindane
-coumaphos -pyrethrins -malathion |
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What are three types of mange?
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1) sarcoptic mange
2) psoroptic mange 3) chorioptic mange |
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Which of the three manges affect man as well (zoonotic)?
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-sarcoptic mange
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Where does sarcoptic mange most frequently occur?
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-head
-neck *can spread throughout body and make horse systemically ill |
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Describe mange in terms of appearance
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-papules
-vesicles -alopecia -pruritic |
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How can you diagnose sarcoptic mange?
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-signs
-skin scrapings |
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Where is psoroptic mange found on a horse?
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-mane
-tail -forelock |
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Describe what psoroptic mange looks like.
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-papules
-alopecia -very pruritic |
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Where is chorioptic mange mostly found on horses?
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-lower limbs
-around pasterns -around fetlocks |
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What does chorioptic mange look like?
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-alopecia
-redness -crusting |
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How can you diagnose chorioptic mange?
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-signs
-skin scrapings |
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How can you treat chorioptic mange?
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-lindane
-toxaphene |
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What is ringworm also known as?
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-dermatophytosis
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What does ringworm look like?
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-folliculitis
-crusting -alopecia -peripheral spread -variable pruritic |
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Describe ringworm lesions?
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-slightly raised, hyper pigmented border
-depressed, scaly center -may become confluent |
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Can ringworm affect man, and if so, how does it spread?
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Yes, it is spread through contact with horse or its tack
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How do you treat ringworm?
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-betadine shampoos
-chlorox -fulvicin |
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What is dermatophilus?
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-known as "rain scald"
-non-pruritic, but sensitive -lesions on dorsum -occurs seasonally (wet months, fall and spring) -supposedly contagious |
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Describe lesions of dermatophilus.
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-crusting and scabs with hair projecting through
-underlying raw areas with or without pus |
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How do you treat dermatophilus?
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-betadine shampoo
-sunlight -may add antibiotics |
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What are scratches?
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-known as "grease heel"
-oily dermatitis on back of pastern and heels |
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What horses get scratches?
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-breeds with long hair around pasterns/heels
-breeds under muddy conditions (especially if they have heel trauma) |
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What are the signs of scratches?
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-pain
-swelling -cracking -exudation -scabs |
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How do you treat scratches?
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-clip
-iodine shampoo -antiseptic/steroid ointment -keep in dry environment |
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What is pemphigus?
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-a generalized systemic disease
-auto-immune (horse produces antibodies against it's own skin/other organs). |
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What are the 9 (or 10) signs of pemphigus?
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-fever
-weight loss -depression -lameness -scaling -sloughing -wheals -crusts -painful and pruritic |
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How do you diagnose pemphigus?
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-biopsy
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How do you treat pemphigus?
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-steroids
-gold |
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What is nodular collagenolytic granuloma cuased by/from?
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-possible hypersensitivity to insect bites
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Describe nodular collagenolytic granuloma.
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-firm nodules on back, withers, neck, and girth
-non-painful -non-pruritic |
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How do you diagnose nodular collagenolytic granuloma?
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-signs
-biopsy |
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How can you treat nodular collagenolytic granuloma?
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-surgical
-neglect -steroids (local or systemic) |
