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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is paracrine signaling? |
1. Hormones acting on adjacent cells |
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What is autocrine signaling? |
1. Hormones acting on the cell in which they are synthesized |
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Where are the receptors for a protein hormone located? |
1. Membrane |
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Where are the receptors for a steroid hormone located? |
1. Inside of the cell |
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What is the GPCR cascade? |
1. At rest, GDP is bound to a-subunit of G-protein 2. Hormone binding displaces GDP by GTP 3. G-protein dissociates form receptor, a-GTP dissociates from B,y-subunits 4. a-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to GDP--- a, B, and y reassemble with receptor |
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What is the effect of Gs? |
1. Stimulates adenylyl cyclase
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What is the effect of Gi? |
1. Adenylyl cyclase inhibited |
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What is the effect of Gq? |
1. Phosophlipase C stimulated |
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What is the effect of G12? |
1. Influence on various ion channels |
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What are some second messengers associated with GPCRs? |
1. cAMP 2. cGMP 3. Ca 4. Phosphatidylinositides |
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What is the cAMP signal transduction pathway? |
1. cAMP stimulates activity of PKA to bind regulatory subunits and release active catalytic subunits 2. Catalytic subunits phosphorylate protein
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What attenuates the signal in the cAMP transduction pathway? |
1. cAMP phosphodiesterase |
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How can cAMP activate gene transcription? |
1. Cause the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) 2. CREB ginds to CREB binding protein (CBP) 3. CBP is a co-activator and results in increased gene transcription |
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What hormones utilize the cGMP pathway? |
1. ANP 2. NO |
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What hormones utilize the cAMP pathway? |
FLAT CHAMP |
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What hormones utilize the IP3 pathway? |
GGOAT HAG |
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What is the cGMP transduction pathway? |
1. cGMP stimulates PKG 2. PKG phosphorylates smooth muscle proteins
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What does NO stimulate in the cGMP transduction pathway? |
1. Soluble guanylyl cyclase |
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What is the IP3 transduction pathway? |
1. Hormones binds receptor, activates Gq 2. a-GTP stimulates activity of PLC 3. PLC cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3 4. IP3 interacts with receptor on ER |
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What is the regulation pathway of calmodulin? |
1. One molecule of calmodulin contains 4 Ca binding sites 2. When Ca binds, a conformational change is induced--- activation of calmodulin 3. Activates several kinases 4. CaMK-II phosphorylates CREB
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What ist he intracellular kinase cascade involving insulin? |
1. Insulin binds to receptor causing auto-phosphorylation of the receptor on Y residues 2. Phophorylated receptor catalyzes subsequent phosphorylation on Y residues of IRS 1-4
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What hormones use the JAK/STAT pathway? |
1. PIG 2. Prolactin, IL-2 GH 3. Also---- EPO |
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What is the JAK/STAT transduction pathway? |
1. JAK phosphorylates Y residues of receptor 2. STAT binds phosphorylated receptor and are phosphorylated by JAK 3. STAT-P enters the nucleus and activates transcription
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How do cytosolic (subclass I) receptors function? |
1. Receptors in cytosol bound to HSPS, blocking DNA binding 2. Hormones binds, displaces HSPS 3. Hormone migrates to nucleus, forming HRE 4. Hormone-receptor complex+HRE affects transcription |
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What type of hormones are subclass I? |
1. Steroid hormones |
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How do nuclear (subclass II) receptors function? |
1. Not bound to HSPS 2. Binding of hormones induces conformational change--- activation 3. Hormone-receptor complex binds HRE and affects transcription |
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What hormones are subclass II? |
1. Hormone 2. Retioids 3. Vitamin D |
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What is the endocrine axis? |
1. Imaginary line joining the hypothalamus, pituitary and target organ or gland |
