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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are parahormones? Give 2 Examples.
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Similar to true hormones, but not from an endocrine gland. They are only made when they are needed. ex.) Histamine, Vitamin D, Prostaglandin.
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Explain Intracrine signalling.
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It's when a hormone acts inside a cell, directly entering it and passing through the cell membrane, binding to the receptors inside. It can sometimes be a hormone produced inside a cell that acts on the nucleus. ex.) Steroid Hormones.
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What is the HPA axis?
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The bodies major stress relief system (Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis). Hypothalamus releases Corticotropin Releasing Hormone, which triggers the Pituitary to release ACTH, which triggers the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
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What are some problems with 'True Hormones'?
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-Not all psychological regulators are 'true hormones'.
-Hormone can be secreted into cerebrospinal fluid. -Some hormones have specific functions (Prolactin) while others work on many different cells (GH and Throxine). |
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What are the two main types of Dopamine receptors and what are the differences between each?
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D1-like family and D2-like family.
D1: Promoted production of cAMP |
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What is another name for the Pituitary Gland?
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The Hypophysis.
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What is the Anterior pituitary?
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A TRUE endocrine gland.
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What is the Posterior Pituitary?
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-Formed from neural tissue and is an extension of the hypothalamus.
-Contain the nerve terminals from the PVN and SON (magnocellular division) which release Oxytocin and Vasopresisn. |
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What is the Major hormone of the Pineal Gland?
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Melatonin.
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Where is the Thymus gland?
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Chest.
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Where is the Thyroid Gland?
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Neck.
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What is a neuroendocrine transducer?
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Translates neural information into hormonal output.
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What can be considered a pro hormone for estradiol?
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Testosterone.
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What are some actions of melatonin?
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-High during the night, sleep regulation.
-Correct timing of seasonal breeders (sheep). -Non-mammalian vertebrates, it causes a lightening of pigment coloration. |
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What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
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Triiodothyroxine, Thyroxine and Calcitonin.
(T3) (T4) |
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Explain the actions of T3 and T4.
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Dependent on dietary iodine for synthesis, T4 is more prevalent in the blood (98%) and T3 is less prominent (2%). T4 is the PROHORMONE for T3, and is converted to T3 in ALL target tissues. It regulates metabolism, and VIP in maturation and growth of the brain. Cretinism results from a lack of thyroid hormones (slow brain development).
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What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone?
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Released in response to a fall in calcium levels, raises calcium levels by signalling the bones to release calcium into the blood (opposite function of Calcitonin).
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What are the functions of the Thymus Gland?
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-Produces family of peptides Thymosins; which stimulate the production of different Lymphocytes and increases the secretion of Cytokines.
- VIP for the neonatal production of antibodies. |
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What is an important point of interaction between endocrine, neural and immune systems?
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The thymus.
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What are the hormones of the Heart?
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ANP: Opposes high blood pressure by causing Vasodilatation and reduces reabsorption of water,
BMP: works in same way as ANP but is used to diagnose heart failure if found in high levels. |
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What are the hormones of the Lungs?
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Choleocytokinin and Peptide YY regulating growth and development of airways.
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What are 3 hormones produces by the GI Tract?
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Gastrin: Digesting food.
Choleocytokinin: Released from duodenum, acts as neuropeptide in the brain to reduce food intake. Secretin: released from duodenum, stimulates the release of pancreatic bicarbonate. |
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What hormone is knows as 'The Hunger Hormone'?
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Ghrelin - The only known hormone to increase appetite via circulation.
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What is the function of peptide YY?
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Secreted from the gut in a manner opposite of Ghrelin, injections of PYY could reduce food intake.
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What hormones are released by the Pancreas?
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Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin?
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Where is insulin released and what does it do?
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B-cells of the Islets of Langerhans, lowered blood glucose levels.
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Where is Glucagon released and what does it do?
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The A-cells of the Islets of Langerhans and it ingress blood glucose levels by opposing the actions of insulin.
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What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?
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(Mineralcortocoids) --> Aldosterone, Cortisol, (Glucocortocoids) --> Testosterone & Estradiol.
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What does somatostatin do?
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Inhibits release of Insulin and Glucagon in pancreas.
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What does Aldosterone do?
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Primary Mineralcortocoid - Stimulated when Na ions are decreased. Acts to increase the reabsorption of Na ions.
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What does Cortisol do?
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Glucocortocoid - Stimulated by ACTH release from the anterior pituitary, released in response to stress. Increases blood glucose levels.
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What hormone that is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex may influence sexual differentiation at puberty?
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Sex Steroids - testosterone and estradiol and their precursors DHEA.
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What do glucocortocoids do?
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Inhibit inflammatory and allergic reactions by inhibiting the production of lymphocytes (this is why they are used in treating arthritis).
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What is the Adrenal Medulla?
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Completely surrounded by the Adrenal Cortex
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What endocrine gland is most similar to brain tissue and has neuroendocrine communication?
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The Adrenal Medulla.
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What hormones are released by the Adrenal Medulla?
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Epinephrine and Norepinepherine.
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What two hormones are also classified as neurotransmitters?
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Epinephrine and Norepinepherine.
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What are the functions of Epinephrine and Norepinepherine?
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Released from the Adrenal Medulla following stress (physical exertion, cold, fear, acts that increase heart rate).
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What are the true hormones of the kidney?
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Vitamin D and Erythropoietin.
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What is another name for Vitamin D, and what does it work with to maintain blood calcium levels?
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Calcitriol, and works with PTH.
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What does Erythropoietin do?
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Synthesized in the kidneys and acts to stimulate bone marrow to produce red blood cells that carry oxygen to all tissues.
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What has Erythropoietin to do?
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It has been used to treat AIDS, and patients with Kidney failure, but Epo is an illegal drug for recreational use because it has also been used by athletes in blood doping.
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What hormones do the Gonads Produce?
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Androgens (Testosterone) and Estrogens (Estradiol) and Progestins (Progesterones).
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What is the primary androgen, where is it produced, and what does it do?
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Testosterone, produced in the Leydig cells of the testes. It is important for male secondary sex characteristics, sexual differentiation.
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Where is Inhibin produced and what does it do?
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Produced in the Sertoli cells which inhibits the release of FSH from the pituitary gland.
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Where is Progesterone produced?
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By the corpus luteum of the ovary and is important for mammary , uterine and vaginal gland growth. Its primary role is to prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg, and inhibiting the menstrual cycle.
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What do abnormally high levels of inhibin in the blood during pregnancy mean?
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pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure) and Down's Syndrome.
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What does relaxin do and where is it secreted?
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Secreted by the ovaries and maintains and prepares the uterine lining during pregnancy.
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What is the first hormone to produced at the beginning of pregnancy and what does it do?
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- HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin), and is released immediately from the implantation site.
- It stimulates the corpus luteum to secret progesterone at a high enough level to maintain the uterine lining. |
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Which hormone is unique to human pregnancy?
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HPL (Human Placental Lactogen) also known as --> HCS (Human Choironic Somatotropin.)
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What does Human Placental Lactogen, HPL do?
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Functions in a way similar to growth hormone and prolactin and and stimulates mammary gland to secrete milk.
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What are the two hormones that are released by fat?
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Leptin and Resistin.
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What does leptin do?
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Reduce food intake and prevent an increase in body fat.
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What does resistin do?
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It's a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue that is involved in insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Regulates the onset of diabetes.
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What is adipose tissue?
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Fat tissue.
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What are the hormones of skeletal muscle called?
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Myokines.
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What are the three G's?
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Gut, Gastin, Ghrelin.
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What gland is the 'Master Gland'?
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The pituitary gland.
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What is the stalk that connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
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Infundibulum.
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What does the PVN and SON do?
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Make oxytocin and vasopressin.
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What is vasopressin?
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Anti Diuretic hormone, it;s responsible for water retention.
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What lobe of the pituitary do humans not have that lower vertebrates do have?
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The Intermediate Lobe.
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What does oxytocin do?
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Promotes uterine contractions and milk ejection.
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Which hypothalamic area is responsible for male sexual behaviour?
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POA (Pre optic area)
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What is the posterior pituitary also called?
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The Neurohypophysis.
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What is the carrier protein of Oxytocin and Vasopressin?
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Neurophysins.
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'Tropin' meaning.
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Stimulating effects.
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What is responsible for 'Runners High'?
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Beta- endorphin.
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What are the gonadotropic hormones?
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FSH and LH
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What hormones are cleaved from POMC
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A-MSH, B -Endorphin and ACTH.
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What comprise the Magnocellular system of the Hypothalamus and what does it do?
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PVN & SON - Produce Oxytocin and Vasopressin.
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What comprises the Parvicellular area of the Hypothalamus and what does it do?
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POA, PVN & ARC - Terminate at the median eminence and release their hypophysiotrophic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system.
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3 criteria for being a hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting Hormone...
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1.) Must be present in the median eminence.
2.) Must be present in higher concentration in the hypophseal portal blood than the rest of the circ. system. 3.) Levels in portal blood must correlate with the levels of pituitary release. |
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What is Somatostatin?
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Growth Hormone Inhibiting hormone!
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What are the prolactin inhibitors?
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Dopamine & GABA
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Which 3 areas of the medial basal hypothalamus are referred to as "The Endocrine Hypothalamus"?
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Ventro Medial Nucleus, median eminence, Arcuate Nucleus.
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What is the difference between basal and cyclic GnRH secretion?
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Tonic - the low basal level present in males and females
Cyclic - Estrogen stimulated pulse of GnRH that stimulates ovulation in females. |
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Which pituitary hormones do each of the hypothalamic hormones affect, and are the affects stimulatory or inhibitory?
a) TRH B) Somatostatin C) GnRH |
A) Stimulates Prolactin
B) Inhibits release of GH and TSH C) Stimulates release of FSH and LH |
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Exceptions to the Neurotransmitter rules are...
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Nitric Oxide and endocannabinoids.
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What is the most abundant group of neurotransmitter?
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Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Glutemate, GABA, Glycine, Aspartic Acid).
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What kind of receptors mediate the effects of Alcohol and tranquillizers?
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GABA receptors.
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How many brain synapses have glutamate receptors?
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50%
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(Cholenergic) Acetylcholine is involved in what?
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Memory and Alzheimer's and binds to nicotinic receptors.
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What are Monoamine neurotransmitters?
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Occur at lower concentrations than amino acids, and examples are Dopamine, norepinepherine and serotonin. VIP as drug targets in the treatment or Parkinson's, depression and anxiety. They activate second messenger systems such as cAMP
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D-serine
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Enhances memory.
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Which neurotransmitter has its primary cell bodies in the locus correlus?
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Noradrenaline.
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What does an agonist do?
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Mimics a neurotransmitter.
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What two neurotransmitters are not stored in vesicles?
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Anandomide and Nitric Oxide.
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What does an antagonist do?
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Blocks a receptor.
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