Hormones & Behavior

Front 1

Endocrine glands

Back 1

glands that release hormones inside the body

Front 2

Hormones

Back 2

chemicals secreted by one group of cells and carried through the bloodstream to other parts of the body where they act on specific target tissues to produce specific physiological effects

Front 3

Hypothalamus fuction

Back 3

control of hormone secretions

Front 4

pineal gland function

Back 4

reproductive maturation; body rhythms

Front 5

pituitary gland

anterior pituitary functinon

posterior pituitary function

Back 5

hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads; growth

water balance; salt balance

Front 6

thyroid function

Back 6

growth and development; metabolic rate

Front 7

adrenal glands

adrenal cortex function

adrenal medulla function

Back 7

salt and carbohydrate metabolism; inflammatory reactions

emotional arousal

Front 8

pancreas function (islets of Langerhans)

Back 8

sugar metabolism

Front 9

Gut function

Back 9

digestion and appetite control

Front 10

gonads (testes/ovaries) function

Back 10

body development; maintenance of reproductive organs in adults

Front 11

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), oxytocin, vasopressin, etc

Back 11

peptide hormones

Front 12

epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin

Back 12

amine hormones

Front 13

estrogens, androgens, (e.g., testosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

Back 13

steroid hormones

Front 14

stress hormone(s)

Back 14

cortisol + epinephrine

Front 15

feeding hormone(s)

Back 15

ghrelin + leptin

Front 16

sleep hormone(s)

Back 16

melatonin

Front 17

affiliation/bonding hormone(s)

Back 17

vasopressin + oxytocin

Front 18

aggression homrone(s)

Back 18

testosterone + cortisol + vasopressin

Front 19

neuroendocrinology

Back 19

interaction between endocrine and nervous systems: brain affects hormone release; hormones affect brain

Front 20

behavioral endocrinology

Back 20

hormones change probability that a particular behavior will occur

Front 21

hormones & development

Back 21

brain and body are 'organized' by exposure to hormones early in life; changes can be dramatic and long-lasting

Front 22

characteristics of endocrine communication

Back 22

anatomically discontinuous; radio broadcast; slow; analog (graded); involuntary

Front 23

characteristics of neuron communication

Back 23

centralized; telephone system; more rapid; digital (all-or-one); can be voluntary

Front 24

melatonin

Back 24

"hormone of darkness" released by pineal gland supports circadian rhythms (daily sleep-wake cycles)

Front 25

feeding process

Back 25

hypothalamus receives (endocrine and neural) signals from liver, stomach, fat stores, etc. signaling hunger or satiety

decrease in hypothalamus activity after administration of sugary drink

Front 26

homeostasis

Back 26

maintenance of a steady state within an organism by means of physiological or behavioral feedback control mechanisms

Front 27

stress

Back 27

any significant disturbance of homeostasis by environmental, physiological, or psychological factors

Front 28

"Fight or flight" response

Back 28

(1) external event seen as a threat by individual; (2) flight/fight response activated; (3) adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol released (4) increased HR, breathing, and perspiration, fats and glucose released for energy, blood flow diverted from non-essential body areas to muscles and brain, immune system suppressed; (5) threat removed; (6) adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol levels lower; (7) body returns to normal

Front 29

stress activates which two hormonal systems?

Back 29

slower pathway: glucocorticoids

faster pathway: epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 30

faster stress pathway

Back 30

stressor > hypothalamus activates SNS (sympathetic nervous system) to stimulate adrenal medulla to release epinephrine (E) and norephinephrine (NE) > These hormones (E and NE) act on many parts of the body to boost heart rate, breathing, and other physiological processes to prepare for action

Front 31

slower stress pathway

Back 31

hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) > CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release a tropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) > ACTH drives the adrenal cortex to release adrenal steroids, e.g., cortisol > cortisol works more slowly than epinephrine but also readies body for action

Front 32

HPA axis

Back 32

Hypothalamus > Releasing factor >Anterior Pituitary > ACTH (through blood) > Adrenal cortex > cortisol

Front 33

effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine

Back 33

energize body; increase output of heart; increase blood flow to muscles; increase respiration

Front 34

effects of cortisol

Back 34

mobilize energy reserves; increase glucose metabolism and glucose levels in blood; breaks down body fat and proteins

Front 35

stress hormone targets and effects

Back 35

heart/blood vessels: increase available energy

lung: increase oxygen intake

gut: decrease digestive activity

thymus, immune cells: inhibit immune system

sex organs: inhibit reproduction

brain: enhance alertness, memory

Front 36

effects of chronic stress

Back 36

increased risk for diabetes; high blood pressure; chronic bowel syndrome; decreased immunity; decreased libido and fertility; impaired memory and neural damage

Front 37

habituation

Back 37

form of learning that causes a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

(adolescents habituate to stress less)

Front 38

oxytocin

Back 38

hormone that may promote greater trust in others (but this may only be towards in-group members)

Front 39

What do H, P, and A stand for in the HPA axis?

Back 39

Hypothalamic, Pituitary, Adrenal

Front 40

Meadow voles and prairie vole, which is monogamous?

Back 40

prairie vole