Hormones And The Endocrine System

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Glands

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cells organized into organs that secrete hormones

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Endocrine gland

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secretes hormones directly into the blood or interstitial system

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Exocrine gland

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secretes hormones into a duct that leads out of the body through sweat, tears, mammary, salivary or silk

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Hormone

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a chemical that controls activities of other cells

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Target cells

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cells that are able to respond to a hormone

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Receptor cells

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proteins that are able to bind to specific hormones

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true hormones

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hormones that are secreted directly into the blood by endocrine glands. thyroxine, epinephrine, testosterone, estrogen, insulin, glucagon

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paracrine

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hormones that are produced by one cell and moves a short distance through interstitial fluid

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neurohormone

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hormones that are secreted by nerve cells and travel in the blood system to distant target cells. oxytocin.

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pheromone

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compounds secreted by one invividual that affect target cells in another person. Secreted by exocrine. baby and clothes/women and menstrual

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neurotransmitters

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secrete hormones between nerve cells, nerves and muscles, and nerves and glands

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hypothalmus

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master gland. makes 8 hormones control all others. produces the bonding hormone oxytocin.

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pituitary gland

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near hypothalmus controls endorphins and growth

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endorphins

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"feel-good" hormones secreted after strenuous exercise, orgasm or excitement in life or death extreme sports

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HGH

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human growth hormone. biggest peaks around puberty and 30 mins after sleep.

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HGH roles

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1) grow muscle mass 2) increase size of bones 3) stimulate growth of internal organs but the brain 4) increase height in children

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HGH problems

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stimulates growth of cells including cancerous ones, increase diabetes risk

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Adrenal gland

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produces adrenalin (epenephrine) and cortisol, stress hormones

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ovaries and testes

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sex organs produce estrogen and testosterone

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testosterone

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main anabolic steroid produced in men and women too

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anabolic effects of testosterone

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increased muscle mass

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androgenic effects of testosterone

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deeper voice, facial hair, aggression, overall maleness

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estrogen

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hormone responsible for male sex drive and female secondary sex characteristics

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breast cancer and estrogen

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80 percent of BC's rely on estrogen to grow, treat by suppressing estrogen

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pineal gland

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receptors in the eyes produces melotonin to promote sleep

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thyroid gland

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controls metabolism and growth produces thryoxine

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thyroxine

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primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls metabolism and growth need iodine from table salt for it

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pancreas

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releases insulin to fat/liver cells tells them to store excess glucose as glycogen, when blood sugar drops pancreas secretes glucagon to tell the body to covnert glycogen back into glucose provides an endocrine and exocrine function

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diabetes mellitus

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high blood sugar

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type I diabetes

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body's immune system attacks insulin producing cells in the pancreas

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type II diabetes

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cells lose sensitivity to insulin due to obesity or a diet rich in sugars

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gestational diabetes

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hormones produced during pregnancy interfere with insulin. It's only temporary.

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Leptin

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produced by fat cells to suppress appetite. When fat cells shrink, production decreases and you feel hungry.

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CCK

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made by small intestine to suppress appetite. Tells brain that you are full.

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Ghrelin

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made by stomach and hypothalmus gland to increase appetite to prevent you from burning stored body fat.