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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______ and ______ communications differ
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neural and hormonal
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Hormones often have _____ secretions in bursts
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pulsatile
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some hormones are controlled by ______ clocks
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circadian
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neural communication travels over what distance
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milimeters
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speed of action of neural communications
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miliseconds
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spatial extent of neural communication is _____
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precise
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neural communication effect
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all or none
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hormonal communication travels over what distance
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up to meters
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hormonal communication speed of action
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minutes/hours/days
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hormonal communication spatial extent
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diffuse
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hormonal communication effect
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graded
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Endocrine feedback loops
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tropic hormones
releasing hormones |
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pituitary hormones that affect OTHER endocrine glands
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tropic hormones
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__________ from hypothalamus control pituitary's release of tropic hormones
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releasing hormones
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the posterior pituitary secretes
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two hormones
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two hormones the posterior pituitary secretes
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vasopressin
oxytocin |
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_____ raises blood pressure and inhibits urine formation
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vasopressin
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Vasopressin
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Oxytocin participates in ?
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maternal behaviors
autism |
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After inhaling __________ Asperger patients looked more at faces and at the eyes of faces in photographs
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oxytocin
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Subjects given oxytocin better rated how
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people telling their life story in a video were feeling
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Oxytocin rises in women in __________ and in those in ___________
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affectionate relationships
distressed relationships |
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*Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary*
STEP1 Hypothalamic neurons synthesize ___________ |
releasing hormones
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*Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary*
STEP 2 Releasing hormones are secreted into ________ |
local blood vessels
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*Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary*
STEP 3 Releasing hormones are carried to anterior pituitary, which _________ |
releases hormones
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Artery in the anterior pituitary
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hypophyseal
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Thyroid hormones contain ______ and depend on its supply
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iodine
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A goiter is a swelling of the thyroid gland from ?
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iodine deficiency
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Early thyroid deficiency results in?
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cretinism with mental retardation
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Hormones Affect Behavior in
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Many Different Ways
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Endocrine pathology mimics ?
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psychiatric disorders
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Cushing’s disease results from long-term excess
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glucocorticoids
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symptoms of cushing's disease
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fatigue and depression
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Dallas Morning News interviewed more than 100 high school students, coaches and parents in North Texas. More than _____ described their encounters with illegal steroid use.
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25
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_______ of American adults identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual, _____ are transgender , about _______ Americans total
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3.5%
0.3% 12 million |
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Sexual orientation shows Little support for ________
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social influence hypothesis
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social influence hypothesis emphasizes _________ or__________ as causes of homosexuality
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home environment or early seduction
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In the Biological Hypothesis Most homosexuals recall feeling “different” as early as
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4 or 5 years
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In the Biological Hypothesis Individuals show ____ during childhood
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gender nonconformity
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In the Biological Hypothesis what does gender nonconformity mean
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engaging in activities usually preferred by the other sex
preferring other-sex companions |
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Homosexuality is ________ among siblings of homosexuals than in population
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2-7 times higher
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In Sexual Orientation: Genetic Influence Concordance increases with _________
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genetic relationship
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Male homosexuals and heterosexuals have the same
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testosterone levels
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Any hormonal influence on male homosexuality likely occurs ________
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prenatally
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INAH3 (third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus) is _________ in gay men
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female-sized (smaller)
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(third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus)
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INAH3
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is _____ in gay men than in heterosexual men and contains more _______
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larger
vasopressin-secreting cells |
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Anterior commissure (AC) is larger in _____ and ______ than in heterosexual men
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gay men
heterosexual women |
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Gay men’s _______ and _______ is more similar to women’s than to heterosexual men’s
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verbal and spatial performance
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Why do we have sex?
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Reproduction (more of us)
DNA shuffling (but not exactly us) It’s fun (uniquely human?) |
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Sex is like hunger and thirst:
It involves ______ & ______ It involves ______ control It is controlled by _______ |
arousal and satiation
hormonal control specific areas of the brain |
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Sex is unlike hunger and thirst:
It is not a ______ Individuals don’t require sex for survival, but ______do |
homeostatic tissue need
species |
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Estrogens produced before ovulation promote
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non-human female sexual behavior
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If a female is sexually receptive she is in
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estrus
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Androgens Are Necessary for
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Male Copulation
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In both men and women the ______ causes arousal
Orgasm Resolution, as arousal falls and body returns to normal |
Excitement phase
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In the plateau phase______ levels off
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arousal
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final stage of sexual response
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resolution phase
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resolution phase of sexual arousal
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arousal falls and body returns to normal
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Sexual response phases
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1-Excitement phase (arousal)
2- plateau phase 3- Orgasm 4- Resolution phase |
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PET imaging of male orgasm shows _____ release at ejaculation, may promote _______
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oxytocin
bonding |
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PET imaging of male orgasm shows Primary activation was in the
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ventral tegmental area
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PET imaging of female orgasm shows activation of the
_______ and Inhibition of the ______ |
deep cerebellar nuclei
orbitofrontal cortex |
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Sex, Important brain areas for both sexes
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Medial amygdala (in the temporal lobe)
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The Medial amygdala (in the temporal lobe) is involved in
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sex, smell, aggression, and emotions
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One subarea is much larger
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in men
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Sexual activity: Brain areas Important for males
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Sexually dimorphic nucleus
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Sexual activity: Brain areas Important for females:
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Ventromedial hypothalamus
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Sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the
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MPOA (INH3)
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MPOA
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(medial preoptic area)
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The Sexually dimorphic nucleus is _____ in men
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2-3x larger
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Male sexual activity related to its size of _____
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Sexually dimorphic nucleus
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Size of _____ depends on prenatal exposure to testosterone
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Sexually dimorphic nucleus
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(Receptivity to male advances)
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Ventromedial hypothalamus
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Neurotransmitters of sexual behavior
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Dopamine (DA) (+)
Serotonin (5HT) (-) |
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DA activity in MPOA motivates ?
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sex behavior in both sexes, esp. in men
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Drugs that increase ______ increase sexual activity in humans
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Dopamine (DA) (+)
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Increasing levels of DA produces _____ then ______
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erection in males
ejaculation |
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Injecting SSRI into LH increases time before male rats attempt to
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copulate again
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Both men and women complain SSRIs impair their
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sexual ability
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Developmental event that decides if an individual will be male or female
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sex determination
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The SRY gene is the _____ determining region on a Y chromosome
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sex-determining
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SRY gene is responsible for development of ____
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testes
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Without an SRY gene an ____ forms
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ovary
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Biological Determination of Gender includes what types of effects
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organizing effects
activating effects |
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Organizing effects mostly occur ______
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prenatally or shortly after birth
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Activating effects occur at
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any time in life
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______ affect structure and are lifelong
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organizing effects
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______ Come/go with hormone fluctuations or are long lasting
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activating effects
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___ are long lasting
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activating effects
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Hormone surges at puberty trigger both
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organizing and activating effects
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Traits of Organizing effects
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Maturation of genitalia
Growth spurts |
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Activating effects at puberty in girls
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Breast growth
egg release during menstrual cycle increase in sexual desire |
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Activating effects at puberty in boys
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Sperm production
muscle development hair growth |
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dramatic increase in sexual interest in boys and girls
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activating effects
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______ Differentiate Brain and Behavior
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Gonadal Hormones
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Testosterone presence masculinizes ____ and _____
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genitalia and the mammalian brain
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testosterone is a _____
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gonadal hormone
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In humans, masculinization appears to be direct effect of
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testosterone on the developing brain
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Two testosterone surges in human pregnancy are at weeks ______ and ______
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weeks 12 and 18
weeks 34 to 40 |
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estradiol masculinizes the
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nonprimate brain!
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Why doesn’t estradiol masculinize female nonprimate brains?
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Females are protected in development by a-fetoprotein
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a-fetoprotein binds in blood to _____ and prevents it from reaching ______
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maternal estradiol
brain |
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who has a larger corpus callosum
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females
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size of corpus callosum correlates with ____ in women ?
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cognitive skills
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Males have greater brain ___ than females
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assymetry
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Right hemisphere thicker in males or females ?
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males
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most girls have greater verbal ___ than boys
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ability
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most boys excell in ___ ability
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visual spatial
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who is more physically aggressive ?
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boys
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math ability gender difference
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same
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much overlap in gender differences concerning
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behavioral and cognitive deficits
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testosterone during the 2nd trimester increases cerebral assymetry via
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accleelrated growth of right hemisphere
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spatial abilities are enhanced in androgenized ____
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girls
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males with low T would have decreseased
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spatial ability
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testosterone improves ___ in older men
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spatial ability
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female transexuals taking testosterone shows ____ imporveement but loss of _____
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spatial
verbal fluency |
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men are more susceptible to what disorders
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autism, adhd, tourettes, dyslexia
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women more likely to suffer from which disorders
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depression, anxiety, autoimmune diseases
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testosterone suppresses ?
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inflamation, low T levels
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Low T levels predict
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premature death from heart failure
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In fMRI studies of verbal tasks men primarily use the ____ while women activate both _____
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left hemisphere
temporal areas |
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In fMRI studies of spatial tasks males have more
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cortical surface in parietal lobe
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more cortical area in parietal lobe correleates to
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spatial performance
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in fMRI studies of spatial tasks women rely more on
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frontal areas
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gender is a ____ not a ____
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continuum
dichotomy |
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in processing feelings, girls use the ____ and boys use the ____ ?
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cortex
lymbic system |
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Less complex, more simple
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limbic system
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more complex with language
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cortex
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in sexual arousal what areas dominate in males and females
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males: limbic system
females: cortex |
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Boys and Girls conversation styles
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B: shoulder to shoulder
G: face to face |
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Boys and Girls conversation content
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B: objects, activities
G: relationships |
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Boys and Girls touching
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B: rough
G: nurturing |
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Boys and Girls power words
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B: fair, loyal, honorable
G: loveable |
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Boys and Girls badges of friendship
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B: shared activities
G: shared confidences |
