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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a autocrine signalling? |
When a cell signals the secretion of a hormone that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in that cell |
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What is a paracrine signalling? |
It is when cell-cell communication is needed, in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells |
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What is Hormone Proper signalling? |
When a cell secretes a hormone meant for a distinct cell. (May go through the blood stroma in order to each the cell. It is not Paracine because desired cell is further away) |
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What are the 4 classes of hormones? |
1. Peptide – Amino Acid Chains• Ex. Insulin (51 aa)• Ex. ADH/Vasopression (9aa)
2. Amino Acid Derivatives• Ex. Epinephrine/adrenaline, synthesize from yr• Ex. Serotonin, Synathisze from tryptophan 3. Steroid – synthesizes from Cholesterol• Cholesterol -> Testorerone, Estrogen, Cortiso 4. Fatty Acid Derivatives• Ex. Prostaglandins synthesizes from arachidonic acid |
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What is the significance of H->R? |
H->R ; is the the understanding of particular hormones to specific receptors. Different receptors will accept specific hormones. (Example: Receptor A will only accept Hormone A) |
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When a Hormone binds to a receptor and it alters the membrane permeability, what is that effect cause? |
Effects what gets through the membrane and into the cell. (Example: open or closed ion channels) |
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What are some of the potential reactions when a receptor accepts a hormone? List 3 |
1. Membrane permeability will change. 3. Stimulate protein synthesis 4. Stimulate cell division 5. Stimulate target cell to secret its product |
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What happen when H->R stimulate protein synthesis? |
By the H-R occurring, it is signalling transcription and translation. |
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What happens when the H->R Stimulate cell division? |
By the H-R occurring, it stimulates the cell cycle. |
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How is TH made? *Remember the diagram we drew to show an example of a target cell to secrete its product |
Hypothalamus -> TRH(Thyrotrpin-Releasing Hormone)(+)-> Anterior Pituitary ->TSH(+)-> Thyroid -> TH = (Triiodothyroine[T3] & Thyroxine [T4]) |
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What does the potency of hormones have to do with? |
We need the in very low concentrations to have their effects. Potency: picomolar-nanomolar |
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What is Half-Life? |
It is the amount of time it takes for the levels of hormones to drop to 1/2 of the original values you measured at first. (Example: If H levels were 200pM at 0 hours; 150pM at 2 hours; 100 pM at 4 hours; 80 pM at 6 hours. It took 4 hours for the original 200 pM to drop to 100pM) |
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What is Onset? |
Onset -> immediately -> Min -> Hours |
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What does Permissiveness mean? |
Needs another hormone for original hormone to be permitted into cell. (Example: Hormone A cannot go into the Cell without Hormone B present, then the receptor will accept hormone A) |
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What is Synergism? |
- The whole is greater than the sum of parts. - The response of A+B is greater then the sum of the two individuals ones that are separate. A |
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What does the Pancreas do? |
Regulates Blood Sugar Levels |
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What does high blood sugar do? |
It would stimulate Beta cells in the pancreas, which would produce and release insulin |
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What is insulin? |
It is a peptide hormone, which would signal to the cells/body to take up glucose in the blood. Over all affect would be to lower blood sugar |
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What does Low Blood Sugar do? |
It would stimulate Alpha cells in the pancreas, which would cause change in glucagon which raises sugar levels |
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What is antagonism? |
The inhibition of or interference with the action of one substance or organism by another (Example: Pancreas) |
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What are the two main ways to divide hormones? |
Water-Soluble vs Lipid-Soluble |
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What does Water Soluble mean to hormones? |
- All the amino acid based ones, except thyroxine. - They have receptors on the cells surface. - Signal Transduction |
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What does Lipid Soluble mean to hormones? |
- All steroids plus Thyroxine - They have receptors inside the cells surface. - Signal Transduction |
