Hormones

Front 1

Exocrine Glands

Back 1

Secrete products into ducts
Ex. Mucous & Digestive glands, sweat glands

Front 2

Endocrine Glands

Back 2

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Front 3

Circulating Hormones

Back 3

Circulate into bloodstream

Front 4

Local Hormones

Back 4

Act locally on neighboring cells without first entering the blood.
No is released by cells lining blood vessels and will cause smooth muscles next to it to relax.

Front 5

Hormonal Interactions
Effectiveness

Back 5

1.) Hormone Concentration
2.) Abundance of Receptors
3.) Influences exerted by other hormones

Front 6

Target Cells

Back 6

Have specific proteins on the outer part of the cell
-Not enough receptor, no action; "Hormonal imbalance."

Front 7

Tropin

Back 7

Deals with hormones that affect/influence other endocrine glands

Front 8

permissive effect

Back 8

Sometimes increases the # of receptors for other hormone, and sometimes it promotes the expression of other hormone's effects

Front 9

antagonistic effects

Back 9

When one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone

Front 10

Hypothalamus

Back 10

5 releasing hormones that stimulate secretion of anterior pituitary glands.
2 inhibitors that bring about decreasing secretions of the anterior pituitary gland

Front 11

Pituitary Gland

Back 11

Secrete hormones to regulate body functions that are released by the releasing & inhibiting hormones by the hypothalamus

Front 12

Hypothalamic Hormones

Back 12

Reach the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells that go to capillaries then to pituitary veins.

Front 13

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

Back 13

Most abundant hormone that the anterior pituitary gland produces
Controlled by two hypothalamic releasing hormones;
-Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) which promotes HGH secretion
-Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) which inhibits HGH

Front 14

Main function of HGH

Back 14

acts primarily on bone and muscle.
Promotes the synthesis & secretion of small protein hormones (insulin-like growth factors IGF's) that cause cells to grow and multiply & increases in the growth rate in skeleton & skeletal muscle.

Front 15

Giantism

Back 15

Too much HGH

Front 16

Dwarfism

Back 16

too little HGH

Front 17

Acromegaly

Back 17

Excess HGH during adulthood

Front 18

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 18

Secreted by anterior pituitary gland. Milk synthesis in females. Affects testes in males

Front 19

Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF)

Back 19

Promotes PRL secretion from hypothalamus

Front 20

Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor (PIF)

Back 20

Inhibits PRL secretion from hypothalamus

Front 21

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Back 21

Stores and releases two hormones but DO NOT synthesize hormones.
Oxytocin & Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH)

Front 22

Oxytocin

Back 22

Promotes uteran contractions from the hypothalamus

Front 23

Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH)

Back 23

Decreases urine production from the hypothalamus

Front 24

Thyroid Gland

Back 24

Has three important hormones T3, T4, & calcitonin

Front 25

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormones (TRH)

Back 25

From the hypothalamus that promotes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (THS) secretion

Front 26

TSH

Back 26

Affects growth of thyroid gland & secretion of thyroid hormones

Front 27

T3 & T4

Back 27

Regulate metabolism growth & development and affect O2 & glucose breakdown in the body
-Are nearly identical chemically & have the same function

Front 28

Reduced Thyroid Activity

Back 28

Hypothyroidism (decreases metabolic rate)
-Will feel cold, tired, and will have a low heart beat < 50

Front 29

Too Much Thyroid Activity

Back 29

Hyperthyroidism (elevated metabolism)
-Will lose weight, feel hot, sweat alot, and have bulging eyes (exothalmosis)

Front 30

Goiter

Back 30

Malfunctioning thyroid gland. Large bump on neck. Enlargement of the thyroid gland. Caused my the deficiency of iodine. Iodine is important with making T3 & T4. Over-stimulation of thyroid Gland

Front 31

Calcitonin

Back 31

can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.
-Increase excretion of the calcium by kidneys

Front 32

Osteoclasts

Back 32

cells that break down bone
-Reducing amount of calcium in blood with osteoclasts

Front 33

Osteoblasts

Back 33

Stimulated by calcitonin for bone formation. Deposit calcium in bone.

Front 34

Calcium Levels

Back 34

Can control the secretion of calcitonin

Front 35

Parathyroid Gland

Back 35

Embedded in thyroid gland, 4 of them, 2 on each side. Major regulator of calcium levels.

Front 36

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Back 36

Increase the number of osteoclast for more calcium to go to blood.
Result in an elevated bone reabsorption of calcium to the blood.

Front 37

Adrenal Glands

Back 37

Paired glands that sit about the kidneys

Front 38

Adrenal Cortex

Back 38

Outer layer of the adrenal gland
-Produce steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol)

Front 39

Adrenal Medulla

Back 39

Inner layer of the adrenal gland
-

Front 40

Mineralocorticoids from Adrenal Cortex

Back 40

Aldosterone is a major part of kidney function by promoting greater re-absorption of Na+ & K+ ions.
-Helps adjust blood pressure

Front 41

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone of RAA Pathway

Back 41

Renin helps stimulate angiotensin which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone (Increases blood pressure)

Front 42

Angiotensis

Back 42

Vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure

Front 43

Glucocortocoids

Back 43

Steroid hormone from Adrenal Cortex that helps regulate metabolism and helping to have resistance to stress.
-95% are cortisol

Front 44

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Back 44

Secreted by the hypothalamus to promote ACTH secretion

Front 45

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Back 45

From the anterior pituitary, target organ: Adrenal Cortex
Stimulates growth of adrenal cortex & secretion of glucocorticoids

Front 46

Effects of glucocorticoids

Back 46

1.) Protein Breakdown
2.) Glucose Formation
3.) Resistance to Stress
4.) Anti-Inflammatory
5.) Organ Transplants: prevent rejection

Front 47

Cushing's Syndrome

Back 47

Excess amount of glucocorticoids
-Redistribution of fat: moon face & skinny arms

Front 48

Addison's Disease

Back 48

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
-Improper fat, sugar, & protein breakdown: mental problems
-weight loss, muscular weakness, hypoglycemia

Front 49

Adrenal Medulla

Back 49

Inner region of the adrenal gland
-Synthesize two major hormones
1.) Epinephrine
2.) Norepinephrine

Front 50

Epinephrine

Back 50

Flight or Fight
-Promote increase in heart rate
-Increase in blood pressure
-Dilate passageways in lungs to increase intake of O2

Front 51

Pancreas

Back 51

Endocrine & Exocrine gland that has one to two million clusters of endocrine glands

Front 52

Alpha Cells

Back 52

Hormone secreting cells from the pancreas that secrete glucagon

Front 53

Glucagon

Back 53

Increased blood glucose levels when below normal

Front 54

Beta Cells

Back 54

Secrete Insulin

Front 55

Low blood glucose levels...

Back 55

alpha cells from pancreatic islets secrete glucagon

Front 56

Glucagon will act on...

Back 56

hepatocytes (liver cells) for them to convert glycogen to glucose

Front 57

Hepatocytes release

Back 57

glucose & blood glucose levels rise

Front 58

High glucose levels...

Back 58

inhibits the release of glucagon (negative feedback) and stimulates the secretion of insulin by beta cells

Front 59

High blood glucose...

Back 59

stimulates secretion of insulin by beta cells

Front 60

Insulin facilitates...

Back 60

diffusion of glucose into cells

Front 61

Blood glucose levels...

Back 61

fall

Front 62

If blood glucose levels fall below normal...

Back 62

stop secretion of insulin (negative feedback) and release of glucagon

Front 63

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 63

An inability to produce or use insulin
-Decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin

Front 64

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
(Insulin-Dependent Diabetes)

Back 64

-Insulin level is low because the person's immune system destroys the beta cells. -Young People.
-Deficiency in insulin production.
-AKA Juvenile Diabetes.
-Treat with Insulin

Front 65

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
(Insulin Dependent)

Back 65

-Occurs in obese people over 35
-Beta cells commonly are fine but receptors are inefficient & insulin can't affect right target cells.
-Lack of exercise & bad diet can onset this

Front 66

Scrotum

Back 66

-Sac that contains the testes
-Hangs outside of the body for lower temp ~3degrees lower

Front 67

Cremaster Muscles

Back 67

Can elevate scrotum to body for body heat

Front 68

Testes

Back 68

-Paired glands made of serous membrane (Covers cavity w/o opening to outside)
-Tunica vaginalis
*past the vaginalis is another white fibrous capsule

Front 69

Seminiferous Tubule

Back 69

-Where sperm are produced (spermatogenisis)
-sperm will mature in tests at 300 million per day

Front 70

Sperm Head

Back 70

-Where nucleus is (Contains DNA)

Front 71

Acrosome

Back 71

In sperm head
-contains lysosome (enzyme that aids in the penetration of the egg)

Front 72

Sperm Tail

Back 72

Mitochondria: ATP production
Propels Sperm

Front 73

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenisis

Back 73

Onset of puberty
-The anterior pituitary will increase the secretion of gonotropic hormones
1.) FSH: produce sperm
2.) LH: secretion of testosterone

Front 74

GnRH

Back 74

Hypothalamus hormone that promotes FSH & LH

Front 75

Steroli Cells

Back 75

In seminiferous tubule that produce inhibin that inhibits the secretion of FSH when sperm is ready

Front 76

Sperm Flow

Back 76

Testes -> Ductus Epididymus -> Vas Deferens -> Seminal Vesicle -> Prostate Gland -> Cowper's Gland

Front 77

Accessory Glands

Back 77

Seminal Vesicle, Prostate Gland, & Cowper's Gland
-Aid in mobility
-Supply nutrients for sperms (fructose & sugars)
-Buffer urethra for safe travel

Front 78

Seminal Vesicle

Back 78

Secrete alkaline fluid that produce 60% of semen (fructose)

Front 79

Prostate Gland

Back 79

Donut shaped gland that surrounds the urethra
-Vas deferens changes to ejaculatroy duct when it gets to here.
-Acidic fluid (acetic acid)
-25% of overall semen

Front 80

Cowper's Gland

Back 80

Helps to lubricate the male urethra and secretes an alkaline material to help protect the sperm from urethral acids.

Front 81

Ovaries

Back 81

40,000 eggs in each ovary.
site of egg production
one egg per month

Front 82

Functions of ovary

Back 82

1.) ovary production
2.) Hormone Production

Front 83

Immature Follicle

Back 83

A few days after the beginning of menstruation, new reproductive cycle starts

Front 84

Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)

Back 84

secreted by the Ant. Pit that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles & secretion of estrogen (FSH) and ovulation & maintenance of corpus luteum of ovary (LH)

Front 85

Graafian Follicle

Back 85

Mature Follicle Day 11-14

Front 86

Ovulation

Back 86

Bursting of egg out of follicle
-Estrogen dominated period that promotes female characteristics and helps to ensure a normal pregnancy
-LH is relased and ovulation * maintenance of corpus leutum occurs

Front 87

Corpus Luteum produces...

Back 87

Progesterone & some estrogen

Front 88

Progerstone

Back 88

Helps egg implant into uteran wall to build wall back for fertilization

Front 89

Corpus Albicans

Back 89

Occurs if pregnancy doesn't

Front 90

If pregnancy happens...

Back 90

corups luteum will function for 5-6 months then the placenta will take over the production of progestrone

Front 91

Fallopian tubes

Back 91

Have fimbrae to grab egg and the egg will go down the tube.
-Where fertilization occurs
-If not fertilized, egg will regenerate & be reabsorbed
-If fertilization occurs, egg fuses to uteran wall

Front 92

Embryo

Back 92

First 2-3 months

Front 93

Fetus

Back 93

3-9 months

Front 94

Cevix

Back 94

Bottom of uterus that a small ring that separates the uterus from the vagina

Front 95

Monthly cycle- After the onset of ovulation; if pregnancy does not occur

Back 95

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH -> Pituitary -> FSH -> Stimulation & Growth of follicle -> Increase estrogen -> Inhibition of FSH -> LH Production -> Ovulation & corpus luteum stimulation -> Increase in progesterone -> Inhibition of LH -> decrease in progesterone -> Mensturation

Front 96

The Pill

Back 96

-Combination of synthetic estrogen & progesterone (progestin)
-Tricks body into thinking it's pregnant
-High levels of estrogen inhibits FSH NON-production to not develop egg
-Increase in progesterone inhibits LH, ovulation doesn't occur