Hormones

Front 1

Where are neurotransmitter receptors located?
A) on the nuclear membrane
B) at nodes of Ranvier
C) on the postsynaptic membrane
D) on the membranes of synaptic vesicles
E) in the myelin sheath

Back 1

D) they are used to communicate between different organisms

Front 2

3) Which of the following is (are) true?
A) Hormones regulate cellular functions, and generally negative feedback regulates hormone levels.
B) The circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops.
C) Both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors.
D) The ducts of endocrine organs release their contents into the bloodstream.
E) Only A and C are true.

Back 2

A) hormones regulate cellular functions, and generally negative feedback regulates hormone levels

Front 3

7) Prostaglandins are local regulators whose basic structure is derived from
A) oligosaccharides.
B) fatty acids.
C) steroids.
D) amino acids.
E) nitric oxide

Back 3

B) fatty acids

Front 4

8) Which of the following examples is incorrectly paired with its class?
A) cytokines-local regulator
B) estrogen-steroid hormone
C) prostaglandin-peptide hormone
D) ecdysone-steroid hormone
E) neurotransmitter-local regulator

Back 4

C) prostaglandin-peptide hormone

Front 5

10) A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n)
A) secretory cell.
B) plasma cell.
C) endocrine cell.
D) target cell.
E) regulatory cell.

Back 5

D) target cell

Front 6

12) Why is it that some body cells respond differently to the same peptide hormones?
A) Different target cells have different genes.
B) Each cell knows how it fits into the body's master plan.
C) A target cell's response is determined by the product of a signal transduction pathway.
D) The circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets.
E) The hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system

Back 6

C) a target cell's response is determined by the product of a signal transduction pathway

Front 7

13) Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect?
A) They are secreted into the extracellular fluid.
B) They circulate in blood or hemolymph.
C) They communicate messages throughout the body.
D) They travel through a dedicated pathway.
E) Not all cells respond to a particular hormone.

Back 7

D) they travel through a dedicated pathway

Front 8

14) Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect?
A) Glands that produce them are ductless glands.
B) They are produced only by organs called endocrine organs.
C) Some are water soluble and some are not.
D) They often maintain steady-state conditions.
E) They may turn genes off or on.

Back 8

B) they are produced only by organs called endocrine organs

Front 9

15) Which of the following does not represent a chemical signal?
A) movement of a signal from one end of a nerve to the other end of the nerve
B) movement of a signal from one nerve to the next
C) an immune cell releasing a cytokine
D) a chemical released that affects the cell that releases it
E) chemicals released into the bloodstream from nerve cells

Back 9

A) movement of a signal from one end of a nerve to the other end of the nerve

Front 10

17) Which of the following statements about hormones is correct?
A) Steroid and peptide hormones produce different effects but use the same biochemical mechanisms.
B) Steroid and peptide hormones produce the same effects but differ in the mechanisms that produce the effects.
C) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell.
D) Steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA.
E) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins to be exported from the cell, whereas peptide hormones affect the synthesis of proteins that remain in the cell.

Back 10

C) steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell

Front 11

Which of the following statements about hormones that promote homeostasis is incorrect?
A) A stimulus causes an endocrine cell to secrete a particular hormone.
B) The hormone travels in the bloodstream to target cells.
C) Specific receptors bind with the hormone.
D) Signal transduction brings about a response in the target cell.
E) This response feeds back to promote the release of more hormone.

Back 11

E) this response feeds back to promote the release of more hormone

Front 12

Which of the following are not part of homeostasis promotion or maintenance?
A) A stimulus causes an endocrine cell to secrete a particular hormone, which decreases the stimulus.
B) A hormone acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone.
C) A hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop.
D) Signal transduction brings about a response in the target cell.
E) Secretin promotes an increase in the pH of the duodenum.

Back 12

C) a hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop

Front 13

When an individual is subject to short-term starvation, most available food is used to provide energy (metabolism) rather than building blocks (growth and repair). Which hormone would be particularly active in times of food shortage?
A) epinephrine
B) glucagon
C) oxytocin
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) insulin

Back 13

B) glugagon

Front 14

The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. Which of the following cells best illustrates this relationship?
A) a neuron in the spinal cord
B) a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex
C) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus
D) a brain cell in the cerebral cortex
E) a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes

Back 14

C) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus

Front 15

23) The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of
A) releasing hormones.
B) second messengers.
C) third messengers.
D) antibodies.
E) cytokines.

Back 15

A) releasing hormones

Front 16

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.
A) hypothalamus; neurohypophysis
B) adenohypophysis; kidneys
C) anterior pituitary; thyroid
D) adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
E) posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary

Back 16

A) hypothalamus, neurohypophysis

Front 17

Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is incorrect?
A) It functions as an endocrine gland.
B) It is part of the central nervous system.
C) It is subject to feedback inhibition by certain hormones.
D) It secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the gonads.
E) Its neurosecretory cells terminate in the posterior pituitary.

Back 17

D) it secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the gonads

Front 18

Which combination of hormones helps a mother to produce milk and nurse her baby?
A) prolactin and calcitonin
B) oxytocin and prolactin
C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin
E) oxytocin, prolactin, and luteinizing hormone

Back 18

B) oxytoxin and prolactin

Front 19

Which of the following have nontropic effects only?
A) FSH
B) LH
C) TSH
D) MSH
E) ACTH

Back 19

D) MSH

Front 20

Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland(s) require(s) iodine to function properly?

Back 20

C) thyroid

Front 21

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?
A) parathyroid hormone
B) calcitonin
C) epinephrine
D) thyroxine
E) glucagon

Back 21

D) thyroxine

Front 22

Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect?
A) The parathyroids regulate metabolic rate.
B) The thyroid participates in blood calcium regulation.
C) The pituitary participates in the regulation of the gonads.
D) The adrenal medulla produces "fight-or-flight" responses.
E) The pancreas helps to regulate blood sugar concentration.

Back 22

A) the parathyroids regulate metabolic rate

Front 23

Which hormone exerts antagonistic action to PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
A) thyroxine
B) epinephrine
C) growth hormone
D) calcitonin
E) glucagon

Back 23

D) calcitonin

Front 24

Which of the following glands shows both endocrine and exocrine activity?
A) pituitary
B) parathyroid
C) salivary
D) pancreas
E) adrenal

Back 24

D) pancreas

Front 25

Blood samples taken from an individual who had been fasting for 24 hours would have which of the following?
A) high levels of insulin
B) high levels of glucagon
C) low levels of insulin
D) low levels of glucagon

Back 25

E) both B and C

Front 26

What happens when beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood?
A) Blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon release.
B) Body cells take up more glucose.
C) The liver b
reaks down glycogen to glucose.
D) Alpha cells are stimulated to release glucose into the blood.
E) Both B and D are correct.

Back 26

B) body cells take up more glucose

Front 27

Which of the following endocrine structures are derived from nervous tissue?
A) thymus and thyroid glands
B) ovaries and the testes
C) liver and the pancreas
D) anterior pituitary and the adrenal cortex
E) posterior pituitary and the adrenal medulla

Back 27

E) posterior pituitary and the adrenal medulla

Front 28

The endocrine system and the nervous system are chemically related. Which of the following substances best illustrates this relationship?
A) estrogen
B) calcitonin
C) norepinephrine
D) calcium
E) ecdysone

Back 28

C) norepinephrine

Front 29

Which of the following are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?
A) epinephrine
B) catecholamines
C) thyroxin
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Back 29

E) all

Front 30

If the adrenal cortex were removed, which group of hormones would be most affected?
A) steroid
B) peptide
C) tropic
D) amino acid-derived
E) paracrine

Back 30

A) steroid

Front 31

Which of the following statements about the adrenal gland is correct?
A) During stress, TSH stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine.
B) During stress, the alpha cells of islets secrete insulin and simultaneously the beta cells of the islets secrete glucagon.
C) During stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla.
D) At all times, the anterior portion secretes ACTH, while the posterior portion secretes oxytocin.
E) At all times, the adrenal gland monitors calcium levels in the blood and regulates calcium by secreting the two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Back 31

C) during stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla

Front 32

Which of the following hormones is (are) secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and promote(s) the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates?
A) glucagon
B) glucocorticoids
C) epinephrine
D) thyroxine
E) ACTH

Back 32

B) glucocorticoids

Front 33

The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the
A) general health of the rat.
B) size of the fetus.
C) maintenance of the uterus.
D) gestation period of rats.
E) number of eggs fertilized

Back 33

C) maintenance of the uterus

Front 34

Melatonin has been found to participate in all of the following except
A) skin pigmentation.
B) monitoring day length.
C) reproduction.
D) biological rhythms.
E) calcium deposition in bone.

Back 34

E) calcium deposit in bone

Front 35

Which combination of gland and hormone would be linked to winter hibernation and spring reproduction in bears?
A) pineal gland, melatonin
B) hypothalamus gland, melatonin
C) anterior pituitary gland, gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) pineal gland, estrogen
E) posterior pituitary gland, thyroid-stimulating hormone

Back 35

A) pineal gland, melatonin

Front 36

Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone

Back 36

B) glucagon

Front 37

Which of the following stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone

Back 37

C) thyroxine

Front 38

Which of the following stimulates the contraction of uterine muscle?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone

Back 38

D) oxytocin

Front 39

Which of the following is secreted by the anterior pituitary?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone

Back 39

E) growth hormone

Front 40

Which of the following endocrine structures is (are) not controlled by a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary?
A) pancreatic islet cells
B) thyroid gland
C) adrenal cortex
D) ovaries
E) testes

Back 40

A) pancreatic islet cells

Front 41

Epinephrine is an example of
A) an androgen.
B) an estrogen.
C) a progestin.
D) a catecholamine.
E) melatonin.

Back 41

D) a catecholamine

Front 42

Which of the following is not an accurate statement?
A) Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system.
B) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
C) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
D) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands.
E) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.

Back 42

C) hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function

Front 43

A distinctive feature of the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and steroid hormones is that
A) these hormones are regulated by feedback loops.
B) target cells react more rapidly to these hormones than to local regulators.
C) these hormones bind with specific receptor proteins on the plasma membrane of target cells.
D) these hormones bind to receptors inside cells.
E) these hormones affect metabolism.

Back 43

D) these hormones bind to receptors inside cells

Front 44

Growth factors are local regulators that
A) are produced by the anterior pituitary.
B) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth.
C) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division.
D) are proteins that bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.
E) convey messages between nerve cells.

Back 44

D) are proteins that bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells

Front 45

Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its action?
A) oxytocin-stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
B) thyroxine-stimulates metabolic processes
C) insulin-stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver
D) ACTH-stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
E) melatonin-affects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction

Back 45

C) insulin-stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver

Front 46

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is
A) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance.
B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism.
C) progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation.
D) epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses.
E) oxytocin and prolactin in milk production.

Back 46

B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism

Front 47

The main target organs for tropic hormones are
A) muscles.
B) blood vessels.
C) endocrine glands.
D) kidneys.
E) nerves.

Back 47

C) endocrine glands